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How to understand Chongqing Three Gorges culture?
The Three Gorges culture is a kind of regional culture, and it is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human groups living in the Three Gorges area in the course of historical development. The magnificent natural landscape and national folk culture of the Three Gorges are well-known at home and abroad. Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge have their own characteristics. People use two simple words to describe them: Qutang Gorge is majestic, Wuxia Gorge is beautiful, and Xiling Gorge is steep. If it is described by four poems written by poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, Du Fu, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, used "Where did the Three Gorges spread? Two cliffs reinforced the door. Entering the sky is still stone-colored, wearing clouds and wearing clouds ",describing the magnificent scenery of Qutang Gorge; Li Duan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, used "Twelve Peaks in Wushan, all in the blue sky. Round clouds cover the sun, drizzle with the wind ",depicting the beauty of martial arts; Lu You, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "The boat is as steep as a stork and the popularity is as steep as a cliff. The mouth boasted of beautiful mountains and rivers, towering peaks, and the heart recalled the waves and green, describing the rigor of Xiling Gorge. Each of the Three Gorges has several scenic spots: there is a famous Kuimen at the mouth of Qutang Gorge, just as Du Fu wrote, there are two cliffs closed, the Red Chi Jia Mountain in the north of the Yangtze River and the White Salt Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River. There is a steep plank road on the north bank and a unique hanging coffin on the cliff, forming an unparalleled magical landscape. The most famous one in Wushan is Twelve Peaks, with a very fairy name. The roads are Denglong, Shengquan, Chaoyun, Wang Xia, Songluan, Jixian, Feng Fei, Cuiping, He Ju, Jintan, Yun Qi and Denggao. Wang Xiafeng is the most beautiful, welcoming Xia Guang like an elegant girl. Because of her name Nvshen Peak, there are many myths and poems praising her. According to legend, she is the incarnation of the daughter of the Queen Mother of the West in the sky. She also helped Yu control water, so she was sacrificed by later generations. Song Yu, a poet in the Warring States Period, also wrote a poem "Gao Tang Mi", describing the love between the goddess and the king of Chu, which later became the origin of the idiom "Wushan Yu Yun". There are many dangerous beaches in Xiling gorge. There is an ancient poem describing the shock of "ten feet of snow floating in ten piles, such as watching Guanglingtao". Among them, the names of the most famous dangerous beaches are very scary: Qingtan, Inclined Beach and Kong Ling Beach. These beaches are full of strange rocks, and the current is fast and breathtaking. The famous Sword Gorge and Ox-liver-horse-lung Gorge in Sun Tzu's Art of War are also among them, because their gorge walls are shaped like Sun Tzu's Art of War, swords and ox-liver-horse-lung. Kong Ling Beach is named after "empty boat" and "empty boat will pass", which means that the boat must be empty to float lightly. The rocks here are as sharp as swords, which is very breathtaking. Another feature of the Three Gorges landscape is that no matter what the landscape is, it has a strong humanistic color, and many ancient and modern celebrities have left excellent poems and songs here. There were great poets in Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties who lingered for many years. For example, Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty visited the Three Gorges three times in 725 and 759. In 725, 25-year-old Li Bai, driving a canoe in the Three Gorges, wrote the famous sentence "Peach blossoms fly green water, and the pond falls in March". In 759, Li Bai was 58 years old and came to the Three Gorges twice. It was at this time that I wrote the famous poem "The Early Rise of Baidicheng". Du Fu, a poet saint, stayed in the Three Gorges area for three years from 765 to 768. He left 437 poems to later generations, one third of which described the scenery of the Three Gorges. Therefore, some scholars say, "The Three Gorges has created half of Du Fu" (China Three Gorges Culture). From 8 19 to 820, Bai Juyi served as the secretariat of Zhongzhou in Zhongxian for two years, and it was also at this time that he wrote some poems about the Three Gorges. Su Dongpo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, traveled to the Three Gorges with his father and brother on 1059, leaving 60 or 70 Three Gorges poems. The three of them also compiled a collection of poems sung by the Three Gorges. Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, worked in Kuizhou for three years from 1 169 to172, and most of his poems about the Three Gorges were written at this time. Famous sayings of celebrities in past dynasties dressed the Three Gorges in a particularly poetic way. The beautiful scenery and those wonderful poems make the Three Gorges known as "the hometown of poetry" by later generations. It is said that there is a folk poet in Fengjie who plans to move the Dadongmen residential complex in Fengjie out of the reservoir area and build a "Poetry City Museum" intact, so that people will have the opportunity to remember the relationship between celebrities and the Three Gorges forever. Another special local culture in the Three Gorges area is that the Three Gorges is also the hometown of a style of "Zhuzhi Ci" in China. According to experts' research, Zhi Zhu Ci, also known as Bayu Ci, is actually the earliest folk song in Bashu Three Gorges area. It has been popular in Sichuan and Chu since the Western Zhou Dynasty in BC 1 1 century. Song Yuyou, a poet of the Warring States Period, wrote an article "Ask the King of Chu", in which there are several paragraphs: "There is a guest of songs in Ying, named' Xialiba', a junior two student. In Zhong Ying, now Hubei, this kind of song and dance of "Xialiba people" was performed by thousands of people in chorus, which shows the popularity of Sichuan and Chu people at that time. According to ancient books, during the attack on Zhou, the southern minorities had an army of Ba people, who sang and danced while fighting. This form of performance evolved into "Zhuzhi Ci" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. During the festival, many singers hold bamboo branches and dance while singing to celebrate the harvest. Probably in the Tang Dynasty, the folk song Zhuzhici was popular in the Three Gorges area, and many poets in the Tang Dynasty personally watched this performance. For example, a poem by a poet in the mid-Tang Dynasty said, "It's sunny and white, the bell leaks late, and the bamboo branches are full of tears. Xue Neng said, "Spring is like last year, singing bamboo branches with hands. Poets in the Tang Dynasty also created a new genre of literati poetry with the style of "Zhi Zhu Ci". Du Fu and Liu Yuxi are two great men who created Zhi Zhu's poetic style. During his stay in the Three Gorges, Du Fu devoted himself to studying this genre of folk songs and created his own Zhi Zhu Ci in this style. Ten Kuizhou Songs written by him is a successful attempt of new Zhi Zhu Ci. There are a few words: "Dongba Dongshan, east of China and Pakistan, has a river flowing through it. Baidigao is the Three Gorges Town, and Kuizhou has passed Baian Pass, which is particularly easy to understand and catchy. After the Middle Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi made greater achievements in the transformation of Zhi Zhu's Ci. He wrote poems in public under the name of "Zhi Zhu Ci", with the length of 1 1, and was praised as "authentic Zhi Zhu" by later generations. Later generations of literati created many Zhi Zhu Ci, which has become a trend. There are also "Tian Ge", "Folk Songs" and "Chants" in the Three Gorges area, all of which have local characteristics. Chant is the unique singing voice of Xiajiang working people, which is divided into "boatman's chant", "worker's chant" and "salt worker's chant" according to different occupations. These chants reflect the colorful life of the working people in the Three Gorges area and become a part of the Three Gorges culture. In the folk culture of the Three Gorges, entertainment customs and funeral customs should be specially mentioned. Among the ancient folk customs of the Three Gorges, there are traditional customs of spring outing and dragon boat race. Traveling and singing in spring were called "stepping on the rails" or "stepping on the moraine" in the Song Dynasty. At that time, men, women and children went to the wild mountains to enjoy singing and dancing, which was very lively. In the Song Dynasty, Wang wrote a poem entitled "Walking for a Day", describing the grand occasion at that time, saying: "It is good to invite Shu, and it is also feasible for the poor. Today, he is a human being, and the whole city is high. " Kuizhou is Fengjie in Chongqing today, and People's Day is the seventh day of every month, which was called "People's Victory Day" in ancient times. The poem said that on this day, because beginning of spring had arrived, Kuizhou "the whole city" was out, and the "poor people" also invited each other, showing the grand occasion at that time. Dragon boat race is a festival activity in which every river in the Three Gorges area is prosperous. Scholars have verified that the dragon boat race, which is popular in the northern and southern water towns of China, originated in the Three Gorges area. At that time, it should be the totem sacrifice day of ancient locals. This is a form of dragon worship in ancient times. Later, due to the death of Chu patriotic poet Qu Yuan, it was changed to commemorate Qu Yuan. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a more popular saying about the Dragon Boat Festival in Xia Chuan. On the fifth day of May, it was the Dragon Boat Festival, and on the fifteenth day of May, it was the Daduanyang. Thousands of spectators went to Qu Yuan's hometown from all over the Three Gorges to watch the grand dragon boat race. People sang folk songs in Bachu area and remembered Qu Yuan: "I died for my country, went to Miluo and came to see you by boat in the middle of the river. Bring your soul back to your old country, and bring your soul back to San Lv. ". The ancient burial customs in the Three Gorges area include hanging coffin burial and boat coffin burial, in which the body is placed in a boat-shaped coffin and hung in a cliff hole. It is said that there are 25 Han dynasty coffins lying across the rocks in Wuxi County, Chongqing, which are spectacular from afar in the river. According to scholars' research, this hanging coffin burial is a burial custom of Cubans since the Warring States Period. These ancient remains of hanging coffins since the Warring States period were discovered as wonders at the latest from the Tang Dynasty. Meng Jiao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote the poem "Mourning of the Gorge" with a description of "the coffin root is locked and the solitary bone is curled up", and Taiping Yulan, which was compiled in the early Song Dynasty, recorded more clearly: "The Tang Dynasty sailed Ken Wang across the Three Gorges and saw a coffin in the middle of the hanging rock." As mentioned earlier, the Three Gorges was originally the area where the Ba people in ancient southwest lived. Compared with Huaxia people in the Central Plains, Ba people belong to an ancient minority. There are also many Cuban national characteristics in the ancient cultural sites of the Three Gorges. According to archaeological research, Cuban tribal communities existed as early as the Neolithic Age, which can be regarded as the active site of Xia Deba people. In the Baimiao area of Yichang, Hubei Province, there are the remains of the Baimiao Ba people equivalent to the Xia Dynasty. The obvious Ba people's sites in Shang and Zhou Dynasties include Yujiaba in Kaixian County, Yujiaba in Yunyang County, Xiaotian Creek in Fuling, etc., but the most cultural relics were found in tombs after the Warring States Period. The cultural relics of Ba tombs have obvious national characteristics. There are often tiger-shaped decorative patterns and patterns on bronzes, some of which are carved on bronze weapons and some are used as buttons for utensils. There is a tiger clasp in it, which is a typical artifact of the ancient Ba people. On the unearthed Ba cultural relics, there are also some patterns similar to characters, eight of which are close to Chinese characters, which are called "Bashu Yu Tu" by archaeologists. The whole history of Ba people is still a historical mystery, and there are only sporadic records in ancient literature. For example, it is recorded in "The Southern People of Baxian County in the Later Han Dynasty": "Lin Jun died, the white tiger in the soul world, and Ba Shi drank human blood with a tiger, so he used the temple"; Shuman in the Tang Dynasty recorded that "Ba people worship their ancestors and beat drums to worship the white tiger", which is consistent with archaeological findings that Ba people worship the tiger totem with tiger buttons on ancient bronzes. I believe that some scholars will write a complete history of Pakistanis in the future. To be sure, there is a strong Cuban cultural element in the Three Gorges culture.