BACKGROUND: After the Second Opium War, the rulers of Qing Dynasty faced many thorny problems in domestic and foreign affairs. Some more enlightened officials advocated learning foreign advanced technology to make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of difficulties and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty. These officials are called "Westernization School". In order to suppress the people and maintain feudal rule, the Westernization School launched the self-help movement of feudal rulers from 1960s to 1990s.

Main contents:

First, establish a modern military industry. In the early stage of Westernization Movement (65438+ 1960s and 1970s), under the banner of "constantly striving for self-improvement", modern military industries such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau were established by adopting advanced western technology.

Second, the establishment of civilian industries. In the later period (1970s-1990s), the Westernization School started civilian industries under the banner of "seeking wealth". Third, planning coastal defense. From the mid-1970s of 19, China began to formally build its navy. By the mid-1980s, the modern navy was initially established, including three navies: Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian.

Fourth, build new schools. After the Second Opium War, the Westernization School began to establish new schools to meet the needs of Sino-foreign negotiations and the Westernization Movement. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1862, which is the first new school founded by Westernization School. Since then, the Westernization School has successively established some science and technology schools and military schools in various places.

The nature of Westernization Movement: Westernization Movement is a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers.

Evaluation: First of all, the Westernization Movement did not make China prosperous. During the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated and declared the Westernization Movement bankrupt. There are many reasons for this, but the most fundamental one is that the feudal system is not touched and the old cloth is not removed, which is the fundamental reason for the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement. Secondly, the Westernization Movement has a positive effect. Its positive effects are as follows: First, it introduced some modern science and technology from western capitalist countries, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China. Second, it has accumulated production experience and cultivated technical force for modern enterprises in China. Thirdly, it objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism and opened the way for China's modernization.