Knowledge and ability
The Content Standard divides the learning of historical knowledge and ability into three levels: (1) It is a memory level requirement to use behavioral verbs such as "list", "know", "say", "tell", "briefly describe" and "repeat" in the statement of the content standard; (2) Where behavioral verbs such as "overview", "understanding", "explanation", "clarification" and "induction" are used in the statement of content standards, it is the requirement of understanding levels, that is, understanding the internal relations of things reflected by knowledge; (3) Where behavioral verbs such as "analysis", "evaluation", "comparison" and "discussion" are used in the statement of content standards, the learned knowledge is applied to practice to solve new problems. -
However, in the process of learning, knowledge and ability are inseparable, and the acquisition and presentation of knowledge are accompanied by corresponding abilities. Similarly, ability is formed and developed in the process of mastering knowledge and skills, which prepares conditions for further mastering knowledge and skills. From the perspective of learning to learn, it is more important to understand and use knowledge. Therefore, compared with knowledge, the ability is more general and develops well. It has a broader migration function than mastering a certain range of knowledge. The ability of history discipline refers to the quality that students can adapt to and complete the learning activities of history discipline and adjust their learning behavior, which is the unity of psychological possibility and reality. It is a specific personality psychological characteristic that determines whether the task of history learning can be successfully completed under the condition of mastering and using historical knowledge and skills, including the ability of observation, memory, thinking, imagination and creation, and its core is the ability of historical thinking. Understand the relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system; Understand the characteristics of China's early political system. The main goal of this course is to understand the relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system, and understand the characteristics of China's early political system. On this basis, other categories of goals corresponding to the "two basics" goals are determined.
(2) Process and method
The Content Standard has no specific requirements for the process and methods of history teaching. Teachers and students should adopt different teaching processes and methods flexibly and creatively according to the overall goal of "process and method" in the "curriculum goal", referring to "teaching activity suggestions" and combining teaching practice.
Teachers must make students the real masters of history learning. In order to get rid of the old model that students only study and don't use, consolidate and summarize opportunities, we should create conditions for students to fully display the effect of learning. It should be carried out according to the teaching content, students' actual situation and teaching conditions. According to the characteristics of junior middle school students' physical and mental development, it is suggested that knowledge learning should be integrated into visual activities during the learning process, so that students can have the right to study and think independently and have the opportunity to express themselves.
Advocate the diversification of teaching forms, actively explore various teaching methods, organize colorful teaching activities, and fully develop and utilize curriculum education resources. It is necessary to create favorable teaching conditions at multiple levels and in multiple directions, such as diversified presentation of teaching contents, and provide a variety of auxiliary teaching materials, so as to improve teaching methods and students' learning methods, especially to provide good conditions for students to carry out inquiry learning, such as conducting classroom discussions, organizing debates, and combining current events in Taiwan Province Province and China. Hold historical stories, hold historical lectures and lectures; Conduct historical and social surveys and interviews, such as investigating the great changes in rural areas and cities since the reform and opening up; Evaluate and discuss some important figures and events in history, such as Qin Shihuang, Wu Zetian, Napoleon, Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. Visit historical museums, memorial halls and patriotic education bases, inspect historical sites and cultural relics, and imitate ancient coins, weapons, farm tools, costumes and other historical relics; Appreciate historical relics, such as China ancient ceramics; Interview historical witnesses, write historical dramas, such as the Xi incident, the Reform Movement of 1898, Yalta conference, etc., watch and discuss historical film and television works, such as Warnings of World War II and Pearl Harbor, etc., and appreciate historical literature and art; Write short historical essays, brief family history, brief community history and biographies of historical figures, edit blackboard newspapers, newsletters and publications on historical topics, hold small-scale historical special exhibitions, and so on.
To complete the teaching of the goal of "process and method" in history learning, it is more important for students to master the methods of learning historical science knowledge. Therefore, the performers of the above four learning methods are all students. For example, the learning content of "summarizing the accelerated development trend of world economic globalization and understanding the complexity of interdependence and competition among countries in the world" can enable students to understand the common problems faced by mankind at present by reading newspapers and magazines, listening to radio and television, and conducting social surveys, and learn methods such as data collection and social surveys. The process of implementing the goal of "process and method" is the process of students experiencing learning and learning to learn.
Emotional attitudes and values
Emotion, from the psychological point of view, is a complex and stable attitude experience related to people's social needs, including moral sense, aesthetic feeling and rational sex appeal. Moral sense is an emotional experience when people use certain moral standards to evaluate their own or others' behavior. Its manifestations include patriotism, internationalism, friendship, sympathy, responsibility, conscience, honor and self-esteem. Aesthetic feeling is a feeling of affirmation, satisfaction, pleasure and admiration when people evaluate the beauty of external things; Sense of reason is an emotional experience when people evaluate the achievements of cognitive activities, which is manifested in success, doubt, joy and pride in achievements, love of science, pursuit of truth and so on. Correct and positive emotional experience comes from correct values, which can guide and integrate people's thoughts, attitudes and behavior tendencies.
What are the similarities and differences between British parliamentary system and American presidential system? What is the fundamental difference between China's feudal monarchy and British parliamentary system and American presidential system? "This comparative topic can guide and inspire students to understand that capitalist democracy is also the essence of human political wisdom, and democratic politics is also diverse and unique, which also has reference significance for the construction of socialist democratic politics in China, thus implementing the goal of' emotional attitude and values'.