Background: 1. In the tax system, the implementation of the equal land system has relaxed the control over the person and provided labor for the development of budding capitalism.

2. Developed agriculture. During the Qing Dynasty, the output of crops increased and cash crops were widely planted, which provided sufficient raw materials for the development of handicrafts.

3. Developed handicraft production. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, textile, porcelain making, mining and metallurgy industries were large in scale and high in level, and a number of skilled workers were trained.

Capitalist production relations in the form of investment by machine users and output by machine workers.