Emperor Jiaqing has five sons, and Funing is the second son of Jiaqing. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (1782), he was born in Xie Fangtang and Xiao Shurui. Although Funing was the second son of Jiaqing, his eldest son died early, so Funing actually occupied the position of the eldest son among his three adult younger brothers. F ning entered the study class at the age of 6. Comment on Wan Chengfeng and Editing Qin were his first teachers. Funing was a little older, and after learning, Wang Tingzhen, the right assistant minister of does, and Xu Yi, a bachelor of imperial academy, talked with him day and night, and Funing was able to pursue further studies. Among all the teachers, Wan Chengfeng won the respect of F Ning. After he acceded to the throne, he recalled the scene of dedicating when he was young, and praised Wan Chengfeng's dedication and profundity. He decided to make Wan Chengfeng the minister of rites and reward Wan Fangxi, the son of Wan Chengfeng, with fame. There is no textual research on Funing's academic achievements during his study, except for the macro articles such as "Integrating History and Learning, Benefiting Career" in Records of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty. Funing studied from an early age. Naturally, he is not only familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics, but also trained in pilgrimage. Riding and shooting in Mandarin is equally important. In the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong (179 1 year), when Funing 10 was old, he followed his grandfather Qianlong around Wiesenger. Suddenly, a panicked deer was blown out of the jungle. F is sharp-eyed and quick-handed, bending bow and arrow, and pouncing on deer. When the deer fell to the ground, the paddock cheered at once. Funing's skill made the 80-year-old grandfather laugh and be elated, and immediately gave Funing A Ning a yellow jacket and a Suirei. Afterwards, the cheerful Gan Longte recited a seven-rhythm poem to express his ambition. There is a cloud in the sentence: the old man is wise and martial, and the young Sun Zhonglu gives flowers and feathers, which is the seven ways to accomplish things. I like it two years earlier. 1 Qianlong saw that F Ning was surrounded by deer at the age of 10, and he couldn't help recalling Mulan's proud past at the age of 12, so he was overjoyed and became the first one to be two years old. Qianlong admired his grandson SHEN WOO's wisdom and courage, and his joy was beyond words. Therefore, there is a cloud in the poem: the family law will always follow Jinye, and he will be grateful to God and be cautious about punishment. The hidden hope of inheriting the imperial system is pinned on Funing. Funing received so much praise and care from his grandfather Gan Long. As the father of F-Ning, J-Yan showed great respect to this son, who is actually the eldest son, and gave him more care.
Sixty years after Qianlong (1795), Qianlong decided to locate meditation in the royal crown prince J. Yan. In the first year of Jiaqing (1796), J Yan, Funing's father, became Emperor Jiaqing. However, Jiaqing was just a puppet with no real power under the double pressure of Emperor Qianlong and his minion. Jiaqing deeply felt that he was in danger and the throne was still in jeopardy. How could he consider establishing a secret crown prince? Therefore, in the three years after Jiaqing acceded to the throne, he did not determine the Crown Prince. At the beginning of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Qianlong died of illness, and Jiaqing began to take power. After Jiaqing completed the great event of destroying peace and consolidating political power, that is, on the tenth day of April in Jiaqing four years, he wrote down the name of Funing and sealed it. Since the secret appointment of Chu Er, Jiaqing has taken good care of Funing. If it is cold in summer, there is a decree to study in Taiwan, practice martial arts in mid-spring and learn to surround Nanyuan. Stop prying and doubting, and do your best to maintain F Ning. The birthday star worships the emperor, accompanied by life, and the jade spirit is overwhelming, sharing weal and woe. As for praying in the suburban altar, the mausoleum temple recommends it, and it will be resumed after the Lord takes the initiative. In the 13th year of Jiaqing (1808), Niu Zhilu died of illness in Fujin, Ningdi, and the cover of Jiaqing was golden yellow. Jiaqing tried his best to use these special treatments to highlight Funing's special position among princes. The eighteenth year of Jiaqing. (18 13) An uprising in the Forbidden City gave SHEN WOO Zhiyong of Funing another chance to perform, thus further consolidating Funing's position.
On September 5th, Jiaqing 18, 200 Christians in Tian Li launched an uprising, entered Donghuamen and Xihuamen with the help of palace eunuchs, and launched a thrilling bloody battle with court guards. When the rebels attacked Longzongmen and entered the Imperial Palace, Funing and his ministers were studying. F would rather hear about the accident, so he sent someone to get his bag, shotgun and broadsword and put them on at once. At this time, the Beijing Guards had not yet entered the palace. Funing saw that five or six insurgents were attacking the dining room outside the south wall opposite Yangxin Gate from the west wall to the north. Funing immediately shot, and an insurgent immediately fell to the wall and died. Funing saw another rebel holding a white flag, pointing out the direction for another rebel to attack north. Funing raised his gun and hit the white flag bearer. Even the snipers were forced to leave the Western Wall. In the afternoon, the kings and interior ministers who stayed in Beijing led troops into Shenwumen to reinforce, and more than 65,438+10,000 people who were originally allowed to be sent to Hua County to suppress the Tenrikyo uprising were also transferred to the palace. The rebels who broke into the palace gate were brutally wiped out. A life-and-death court struggle ended in the failure of the rebels.
When the Tenrikyo Uprising Army launched an attack in Beijing, it coincided with Mulan in Jiaqing and Qiuqiu. Funing also followed Hu Mulan. Because of the rainy weather, Funing returned to Beijing first. After the capital was pacified, Zhang Fei Jiaqing, the third son of Funing Huang Kai, came in. Jiaqing's recital was very shocking. What didn't happen in the Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties happened in the Qing Dynasty. On September 17, Jiaqing sent a letter to himself on his way back to Beijing, begging God to forgive his sins and bless the Qing Dynasty. In this capital accident, the only thing that can make Jiaqing chat with * * * is the performance of F Ning, who has been secretly built as the Crown Prince. Jiaqing read Funing's report with tears. After reading it, his heart was full of infinite praise for F Ning, and his excitement made him unable to find exact words to express his praise for his son. Nevertheless, Jiaqing praised Funing with words of courage, knowledge, loyalty and filial piety in his letters. Therefore, Funing was named Prince of Wisdom, and even the gun he used to make great contributions was named Weilie by Jiaqing.
F would rather take the lead in defending and hold the important position of the Qing court when the capital is changing rapidly. For the Qing dynasty, it really contributed to the country. As a prince, Funing knows how important it is to be cautious and modest to establish his perfect image in front of Jiaqing and his ministers at this time. He never forgot to grasp this point in his memorial to Jiaqing. In his first letter to his father's report on moving the capital, he said that one son was really helpless and he was at a loss. He boldly scratched his head in the official ditch and kissed him. Although it is too much to say that Yun Ning is bold and helpless, his praise is obviously an affirmation of F Ning's posturing. After the imperial edict of Jiaqing praising Funing was issued, in the memorial to thank him, he further vividly declared his fears at that time: things were urgent, no one could guard against thieves, he could not help himself, and thieves had nothing to do, and his son was young and ignorant, and the more he thought about it afterwards, the more afraid he became. 3F Ning's performance was a great success, and she was praised by Jiaqing for her contribution to the country. She was not complacent or hypocritical, and she was modest and arrogant, and she was a saint, surpassing the top four. As a result, Jiaqing's trust in Funing became stronger and stronger. In the 23rd year of Jiaqing (18 18), he paid a visit to Jiaqing in Dongsanling, and ordered Funing to pay tribute to the attendants and the objects left by Taizong. Jiaqing grasped the fate of face and earnestly warned Funing to create difficulties and keep relaxed. Jiaqing also made a "Great Gift Celebration Record", which first said that Gao Zongmi built Long En, but it also implied the meaning that the state client defeated his ancestors. This shows that Jiaqing is very satisfied with the crown prince selected after taking office. In July of this year, Jiaqing was seriously ill, and was naturally granted a villa, and Funing succeeded to the throne.
Funing's succession was smooth sailing. However, after he succeeded to the throne, Daoguang faced a complicated political situation that his ancestors had never encountered.
In the Qing Dynasty, after the Kanggan era, which was called the prosperous time, and in the Jiaqing period, the whole society showed signs of decline. During the Jiaqing period, the Qing Dynasty experienced the impact of continuous peasant uprisings, and the decline of the Qing Dynasty was unstoppable. This shows that the feudal system that lasted for two thousand years in China is terminally ill. When China under the rule of Qing Dynasty wandered slowly in the long river of history, the world situation had undergone earth-shaking changes. Some major countries in Europe and America have established a capitalist system, and the social economy is developing by leaps and bounds at an unprecedented speed in history. Western capitalist powers, relying on their economic strength and powerful guns, have been beating the coast of China. Qing * * * tried to maintain the closed-door situation can no longer continue. There are frequent wars inside, and there are many troubles outside. An emperor produced in the traditional way wants to govern an ancient empire with both old contradictions and new crises.
In order to save the decline of Qing dynasty, Daoguang tried his best to correct many shortcomings in national finance, official management and social fashion during his 30 years in office. Thirty years is fleeting. In the early spring of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850), he died suddenly in Shende Hall of Yuanmingyuan, and his son Yi inherited a more dilapidated dynasty from him. After the First Opium War, this dynasty began to lose its completely independent status. After opening the door to China through the first Opium War, the western capitalist aggressors are stepping up their efforts to plan new war plots. The peasant revolution that originated in Guangxi has started a prairie fire, and the Qing Dynasty is facing a more serious ruling crisis. In fact, in the 30 years of Daoguang's administration, there are still achievements to record. 19 The vigorous anti-smoking movement in the late 1930s was promoted and facilitated by Daoguang with unprecedented courage. As far as personal conduct is concerned, Daoguang is by no means the king of greed, violence and debauchery among emperors in Qing Dynasty and even in China. On the contrary, his frugality is talked about by old historians. Daoguang's governance is also diligent and conscientious. According to the traditional moral standards of feudal society in China, Daoguang was probably a virtuous king. A monarch like Daoguang may still make a difference if he inherits a peaceful and prosperous time. However, Daoguang needs to govern an ancient country full of complex contradictions. An emperor who cultivates the past in a traditional way and tries to govern a country that has undergone great changes in a traditional way will naturally not create any miracles.
Daoguang ruled the country in a traditional way, and he also chose and established successors by traditional standards and secret storage methods adopted since Yongzheng.
After Daoguang ascended the throne, after long-term observation and indecision, he finally adopted the method of establishing a household registration in Daoguang twenty-six years (1846), and the book was named Feng Hou. On June 6 this year 16, Daoguang made a 4-button origami of 9.5×2 1.6 cm, in which Manchu calligraphy was the Crown Prince and Han calligraphy was the Prince of Six Emperors. Daoguang wrapped the imperial book in two layers with S paper with a slightly darker area, and wrapped the imperial book in yellow paper. On the back, Daoguang handwritten the words' June 16th, Daoguang 26th', and put it in a cardboard folder with yellow paper and white paper. It's wrapped in yellow paper. On the back, the words' Ten Thousand Years' are written in Manchu, and the name is Daoguang. Daoguang wrote two wills at the same time, explaining what to do after death. There are two copies of this will. One copy is 10×22.5 cm nine-button origami and calligraphy. At the end of the book, the words "the calligraphy in the sleeping box is the same as this" are wrapped in yellow paper, and the words "the commander and the military affairs minister open hand in hand" are affixed, with the signature of Daoguang and the word "seal" written in Manchu. The other is 9.8× 15.7 cm 18-button origami and calligraphy. At the end of the book, there is the word "hidden child in the cupboard", which is placed in a yellow cardboard folder, wrapped in yellow paper, with a seal on the back, a seal of "treasure of Daoguang" on both ends, and the word "seal" written by Daoguang in Manchu. Daoguang's imperial edict and will E are sealed in two boxes. The wooden box for collecting Daoguang's legacy is relatively simple. It's just an ordinary newspaper box (a wooden box where officials give the emperor a memorial). It is made of thin wooden board, with a length of 27.9 cm, a width of 13 cm and a thickness of 3.6 cm. Covered with yellow silk and covered with yellow paper. There is a seal hanging on the buckle, and it is covered with three seals of' Treasure of Daoguang'. The box is wrapped in yellow paper, with the words "the commander is shoulder to shoulder with the minister of military affairs" written in calligraphy on the front, with a seal on the back, and a seal of "Treasure of Daoguang" on both ends, with Daoguang's autograph on the sealing end. The box for storing royal books is exquisite. It is made of nanmu, with a length of 32 cm, a width of 16.7 cm and a thickness of 8.7 cm. Hinges and keys are all made of copper, engraved with exquisite bat auspicious clouds, and the keyhole has a peach-shaped lock cover. The box is lined with yellow silk, and a yellow wool cover is sewn on the outside of the box. There are nine seams on three sides. The introduction of the above-mentioned physical documents about Daoguang's imperial books and heritage is described in the article "Yongzheng creates a secret storage system" by * *. Wen Li is written according to Daoguang archives and physical documents preserved in the First Historical Archives of China. The related physical objects and documents preserved in China No.1 History Museum are the only physical documents found in China at present, which can provide a glimpse of the specific practices of secret warehouses in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, it is indeed extremely precious first-hand information with important historical value for studying the secret warehouse system in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, this paper makes a more detailed reference.
On the 14th day of the first month of the 30th year of Daoguang (1850), Daoguang, who was critically ill, summoned the imperial edict in Yuanmingyuan Palace. Imperial envoys Zai Yuan, Duan Hua and Monk Cave, military and political ministers A, He Rulin, Chen Fuen, Ji Zhichang, and interior ministers announced the imperial edict and will. At the same time, it is stated that Daoguang wrote Zhu Yu himself. This Zhu Yu was written in the Shende Hall of Yuanmingyuan when Daoguang was seriously ill. Its contents are as follows: the fourth son of the emperor, Yi Yi, regards himself as the crown prince, king and so on. What do you think of me? They praise and assist with one heart, always attach importance to the national economy and people's livelihood and have no sympathy for others. After Zhu Yu announced it, it was put in the box where the royal books were originally collected.
Daoguang was the last emperor to set up a secret shop in Qing Dynasty. Because there were several emperors who succeeded to the throne after Daoguang, or because there was only one prince or no children at all, there was no need to build a secret store. So the system naturally didn't stop. Examining the secret storage methods established by emperors before Daoguang, it is obvious that the specific methods of Daoguang are different from those of their parents and grandparents. First, when Daoguang was seriously ill, he wrote a personal letter to him, announcing once again that the four sons of Emperor Yi were the will of the Crown Prince. Second, when Daoguang wrote Li Chu's Imperial Letter, he also named the six sons of Emperor Yide as princes. Third, Daoguang kept R in secret and kept his legacy together. These practices of Daoguang were not recorded in relevant historical materials when Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing were established. Why did Daoguang adopt this series of tedious practices? What Daoguang did confirmed Daoguang's hesitation and contradiction in the process of establishing the reserve, and also reflected Daoguang's anxiety about the future political situation.
Daoguang has nine sons. Yi Wei, the eldest son, was born in the 13th year of Jiaqing (1808) and died in the 11th year of Daoguang (183 1). The second child game, the third child game after the youth worry. The fourth son Yi was born in June of the 11th year of Daoguang, that is, two months after the death of the eldest son Yi Wei. In the 26th year of Daoguang (1846), the fifth son of Jiaqing was adopted as the heir by Miankai, the third son of Jiaqing and the prince of Shuoge. The rest of Daoguang are Huang Liu Zi Yi D, Qizi Yi X, Bazi Yi and Jiuzi Yi.
Compared with Jiaqing, Daoguang built storage later. After Daoguang acceded to the throne, why didn't he build his eldest son Yiweimi as a store? The reasons for it were not known However, according to Daoguang's extremely cautious and solemn practice in later establishing the warehouse, it seems that it can be inferred that Daoguang hopes to have more choices when secretly establishing the warehouse. Daoguang had no choice because of his two younger sons after Yiwei. It was not until the Yi brothers came out of the mountain in the eleventh year of Daoguang that Daoguang had the opportunity to inspect and choose the philosophers. Among Daoguang's sons, Liu Ding was deeply loved by Daoguang because of his outstanding talent.
I d, born in the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), was born by Bolzigit, Princess of Daoguang. Game D gradually emerged in the routine class reading and riding and shooting training after the prince was six years old. Game d has the closest relationship with the four brothers. This is because the two brothers are almost the same age. They studied in the same room and had sex with Wulin. They have no speculation and have a deep brotherhood. In particular, E was brought up by Boyd's biological mother Bolzigit in the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), when his cow Lu died of illness, and the relationship between the two brothers became closer. When Yi D and Yi} practiced martial arts, * * * learned martial arts together, * * * used marksmanship 28 times and saber 18 times. Daoguang appreciated this, and specially gave it the gun name of Di Hua Xie Li and the knife name of Bao Hua Xuanwei, and at the same time gave it a Bai Hong knife. Game d is very proud of this. After a period of investigation, Daoguang gradually focused on Yi and Yi Ding. Yi entered school at the age of six and was taught by loyal people for more than ten years. Daoguang, who regards Yi as his virtue, wants to make him an heir, but regrets that his talent is not as good as Yi D, so he hesitates. Just as Daoguang hesitated, the annual Nanyuan School Hunting was held. Princes show their talents in front of their fathers. After the school hunting, the princes showed their achievements in succession. Game D won the most birds because he was bent on showing his bravery and skillful archery in front of Daoguang. However, Yi found nothing in the school hunting ground. Daoguang is strange. When asked about the reason, Yi replied: In the spring when everything is reviving and birds and animals are breeding, I really can't bear to hurt these creatures, which interferes with the rhythm of the growth and development of all natural things. Yi's words made Daoguang very happy. Daoguang used the traditional moral standards of benevolence and filial piety to measure all right and wrong, praising: This is the truth of the emperor! This incident obviously tilted the balance in Daoguang's heart. The above story can be found in Biography of Du Shoutian, Draft of Qing Dynasty. There is also a story about the status of virtue in unofficial history, which is very close to the official records in essence. This story says: the master of the fourth son of the Emperor is Zhuo (check the Biography of Zhuo in the Qing Dynasty, Zhuo has never been a master). When Daoguang was ill in his later years, he would one day call two princes to see him and prepare to finalize the storage place. Yi} and Yi D each asked their teachers how to answer. Professor Zhuo's own students said: If your father has any inquiries, you should know everything and say everything. Obviously, Zhuo Tianbing tried to rely on the talent of game D to attack the shortcomings of the game with its strengths, thus stacking the games. On the other hand, Du Shoutian sized up the situation and decided to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. So, he taught his students: Brother, if you tell your father about the present situation, you will be far behind Sixth Master in wisdom and knowledge. There is only one way to win. You don't have to say anything when your father is saying that he is old and sick and may soon become king. All you have to do is cry on the ground. Only in this way can you fully show your sincere desire for your father. Yi appreciates the teacher's countermeasures. When Daoguang summoned him, he followed the plan strictly. Later facts showed that Du Shoutian's strategy was very successful. Daoguang was deeply moved by Yi's sincere desire for Confucianism, and repeatedly praised the emperor's four sons for their benevolence and filial piety, so he set a position. The two stories are different in content and plot, but similar in spirit. In a word, after several contests, Game, the fourth son of the emperor under the banner of benevolence and filial piety, finally defeated Game D, the sixth son of the emperor who was really outstanding and eager to show his talents, and became the legal heir to the throne. An emperor who walked out of tradition finally determined the heir to the throne by traditional standards and traditional ways.
After Daoguang's death, Yi succeeded to the throne as the seventh generation of Xianfeng emperor after Qing Dynasty. Game D has always been bitter about winning the throne of game, and has since planted the seeds of suspicion and discord between brothers. After Emperor Xianfeng ascended the throne, he was named Prince Gong according to Daoguang's teachings. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), in September, Yi Ding was awarded the important post of governor minister, and in October, Xianfeng ordered him to be the minister of military aircraft. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Xianfeng conferred titles of General, Right Zong Zheng and Patriarch successively. Even if Xianfeng entrusted the important task of Game D and his favorite concubine to him again and again, he could not completely bridge the gap between brothers. For a period of time after Xianfeng ascended the throne, the brotherly relationship was mediated by Xiaojing Guifei, who was both the biological mother of Iraq D and the adoptive mother of Iraq, and still maintained superficial harmony. In the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Emperor Xiaojing was critically ill. D asked Xianfeng to honor his mother as the queen mother. I don't think so, so I don't want to do it, even though I say so verbally. Yi d urgently sealed his mother, that is, went to the military department and sent a decree to make a book ceremony, forcing Xianfeng to honor his mother with the title of Queen Kangci. In this way, although game D won the title for its mother, the rift between it and game D is bigger and the contradiction is more and more open. In July this year, Queen Kangci passed away. Soon after, Xianfeng expelled Yi Ding from the army and dismissed him as commander-in-chief on charges of handling the funeral etiquette of Empress Dowager Cixi. It was not until May of the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857) that Xianfeng re-awarded Yi Ding the post of commander in chief. Since then, game D has been left out in the cold.
The suspicion and differences between Iraq and Iraq D due to their covetousness for the throne did not cause any big storm in the political ocean during the ten years when Xianfeng was in power. Because Xianfeng's imperial power is in hand, even if Yi D is full of complaints, he can only submit to humiliation and bow down. However, in the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), under the pressure of internal troubles and foreign invasion, Xianfeng left a son who was still wet behind the ears and died in the prime of life, which finally gave Yi D a chance to return to the center of the political arena and play an important role, and thus evolved into a coup in the Ming Dynasty that had a far-reaching impact on China's modern history.