The Southern and Northern Dynasties (Southern Dynasties (420-589)) included Liu Song, Nanqi, Nanliang and Chen Nan. The Northern Dynasty (386-58 1) included 30 regimes, including the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Five Dynasties.
1, Wei
Wei State (May +03, 265438-February 4, 266) was one of the separatist regimes in the Three Kingdoms period, and later historians often called it Cao Wei. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty was later called the "post-Wei" and Cao Wei was also called the "pre-Wei" or "pre-Wei", it became the most powerful country among the three countries.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos and competition. In the melee of warlords, Cao Cao's power gradually increased, and he controlled the court of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the establishment of Cao Wei.
When Cao Cao was awarded the title, he ruled Ye, the seat of Wei Jun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty named him Wang Wei, hence the name Wei.
In the first year of Yankang (220), Cao Pi forced Emperor Xiandi of Han Dynasty to abdicate, officially replaced the Han Dynasty, established Cao Wei, and made Luoyang its capital. In the second year of Xian Di (265), he usurped Wei, changed his title to Jin, and Cao Wei perished.
Because Cao Wei occupied the Central Plains in the Three Kingdoms, its national strength far surpassed that of Shu Han and Wu Dong. During the period of Cao Wei, the most important reform was Chen Qun's nine-grade Zheng Zhi system, which had a far-reaching influence on the politics of the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
On the territory, it inherited the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty over the Western Regions, and set up the Western Regions Duhu Government to manage it. After Wu Qiujian conquered Koguryo, the northern part of the Korean peninsula was incorporated into the territory, and the southern States extended the Qinling Huaihe River to the border between Shu and Wu. In 263 AD, Yizhou and Nanzhong were conquered by Shu and Han, and the territory of Cao and Wei was about 4 million square kilometers.
2. Shu Han
Shu Han is one of the Three Kingdoms. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu or in history.
The territory of Shu and Han reaches Wudu and Hanzhong in the north, Wuxia in the east, Baoyun and Guangxi in the south and eastern Myanmar in the west. It occupies the whole province of Yunnan, most of Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, Shaanxi, southern Gansu, northwestern Guangxi, northeastern Myanmar and northwestern Vietnam. It was destroyed by Wei in 263. Two emperors, 43 years.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the struggle between consorts and eunuchs continued, which made state affairs increasingly corrupt, and then the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. Liu Bei entered his official career because he made great achievements in suppressing the peasant uprising.
But not long after, He Jin and Dong Zhuo were defeated, and the world situation gradually turned into a warlord melee. Liu Bei ran around in the melee. After Battle of Red Cliffs recovered all parts of Jingzhou, he advanced to capture Hanzhong and finally established the Shu-Han regime.
Shu and Han dynasties occupied Jingzhou and Yizhou in their heyday. After Guan Yu lost Jingzhou and Liu Bei's Yiling War, his national strength was damaged, and then Zhuge Liang restored the national strength of Shu, forcing the southern and central regions to yield, from which he gained a lot of natural resources such as materials, population, equipment and minerals, and his national strength became strong again. Militarily, Shu Han often took the initiative, but gradually declined in the later period, and was finally destroyed by the Sima family who controlled Cao Wei.
3. Western Jin Dynasty
The Western Jin Dynasty (AD 266-AD 3 16) is one of the unified dynasties in the history of China after the Three Kingdoms period, and it is also called the Jin Dynasty with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Pass it on to the four emperors, and the country will be fifty-one years. If you start by destroying Wu Dong, you will only stand for 37 years. In order to distinguish it from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the history is called the Western Jin Dynasty, and the two Jin Dynasties are also called Sima Jin.
At the end of the Three Kingdoms, Qiu, a general of Cao Wei, Sima Yi, a teacher, and Sima Shi, the second son, were all powerful ministers.
In 265 AD, Sima Yan took the place of Cao Wei's regime and established a new regime. The founding country name is Jin, and its capital is Luoyang. After the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei Dynasty, the battle of Xiling occurred, and Sun Wu was destroyed in 280 AD, ending the division and reunification of the three countries.
However, after the destruction of Wu, the whole country in the Western Jin Dynasty was immersed in an atmosphere of extravagance and corruption. Emperor Wu of Jin was born in a clan, and his family has long developed into a huge powerful group. Therefore, since the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the political style has been very dark and bribery has become the norm.
A major feature of the Western Jin Dynasty is that a large number of nomadic tribes moved inward. Since Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty allowed border people to move in, a large number of nomadic people moved in. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the foreigners in Guanzhong and Liangzhou had accounted for half of the local population.
These foreigners were taken into slavery by the clan. Due to many immigrants, it is not far from the Jin people in Guanzhong area. For the subjugation of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Countries of Wuhu laid the groundwork.
After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the western Jin Dynasty was badly weakened, and the nationalities who moved in took the opportunity to dispatch troops, resulting in the situation of five chaos, and a large number of people and clans began to cross south. The Western Jin Dynasty was a short-lived unity during the long-term division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was called "a flash in the pan". In 3 17 AD, Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang and rebuilt Wu, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
4. Eastern Jin Dynasty
The Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420) was a political power established after Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Western Jin Dynasty, moved southward. The Western Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, perished, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In addition, history books imitate the Eastern Han Dynasty and call the Eastern Jin Dynasty the Middle Jin Dynasty, which means the revival of the Jin Dynasty. In addition, most of the areas ruled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty were in Jiangdong, which was called Jiangzuo in ancient times, so Jiangzuo was referred to as the Eastern Jin Dynasty for short. ?
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was aristocratic politics, which coexisted with the northern five lakes and sixteen countries. This historical period is also known as the Sixteen Countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the interior was once divided. The Eastern Jin Dynasty, before Sun Wu, followed by Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, were collectively referred to as the Six Dynasties.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty tried many times to explore the north, but because of internal disunity, nothing was achieved except the final usurpation of the throne by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. Zu Ti had hoped to restore his old place, but he was taken hostage by Si Marui and died of depression. Huan Wen's Northern Expedition was defeated by Mu Rongchui.
In the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty, led the troops to invade the south, and Xie Anli, the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, took the lead in fighting, and sent Xie Shi and Xie Xuan to lead the army, which won a great victory in the battle of Feishui. Fu Jian fled to the north alone, which led to the separation of the north and the south. Later, Huan Xuan rebelled, abolished Andi and became the son of heaven. Later, he was leveled by the general. He supported Gongdi, but he lost power.
In the second year of Yuanxi (420), Emperor Wu abolished Gong Jin and established Liu Song. The Eastern Jin Dynasty perished, and the history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
5. Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty
The Southern Song Dynasty (420 -479) was the first dynasty in China's Southern Dynasties, and it was also the dynasty with the longest existence, the largest territory and the strongest national strength in the Southern Dynasties and the Four Dynasties.
A total of four generations, after nine emperors, enjoyed the country for 60 years. Because the monarch's surname is Liu, and because it is different from the later Song Dynasty, it is called Liu. According to the theory that the five virtues begin at the end, it is called water virtue, so it is also called water song.
Emperor Wu of Song rose in the troubled times at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and successively pacified Sun En, Huan Xuan, Liu Yi, Lu Xun, Sima Xiuzhi and other forces, and destroyed Huanchu, Xishu, Southern Yan, Houqin and other countries.
Not only unified the south of China, but also recovered Shandong, Henan, Guanzhong and other places. Finally, Jin Song Jian, Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) as its capital, Zhongjing (now Luoyang, Henan) as its capital.
In the early period of Liu and Song Dynasties, when the society was stable, before and after Emperor Wu of Song ascended the throne, he vigorously carried out reforms, concentrated power, suppressed the merger of powerful countries, broke the land, cracked down on the elites of powerful countries, rectified the bureaucracy, reused the poor, developed production, lavished wealth, abolished harsh laws, tried lawsuits in person, revitalized education, tried out scholars in various counties, raised virtuous people, and sent envoys to visit the people's sufferings many times.
After the death of Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Song Wendi continued to implement Emperor Wu of Song's general plan of governing the country, which was called "the rule of Yuan Jia" in history. However, due to the failure of Wendi's Northern Expedition in his later years, his national strength was greatly damaged. In the late Liu and Song Dynasties, the government was chaotic and emperors changed frequently. In 479 AD, it was replaced by Xiao Daocheng, a powerful minister, and established Nanqi, which was later destroyed by Liu and Song Dynasties.
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Chinese historical dynasties
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Cao Wei
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Han Shu
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Western Jin Dynasty
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Eastern Jin Dynasty
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia-Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty