The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was one of the strongest dynasties in the history of China. Founded by Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, it is called Sui and Tang Dynasties together with the Sui Dynasty. Tang Shi was born in Guanlong Group, and his ancestor Li Hu was one of the eight pillar countries in the Western Wei Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and was named Duke of Tang [2]:254. Li Yuan, the descendant of Li Yuan, stayed in Jinyang (southwest of Taiyuan, Shanxi) during the Sui Dynasty. At the end of sui dynasty, in order to compete for the world, troops were sent into the customs. In 6 18, Emperor Yangdi was founded, which unified the world in the unification war of the Tang Dynasty. The capital of the Tang Dynasty was Chang 'an (now Xi City, Shaanxi Province), with Luoyang in the east and Jinyang in the north.
The history of the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into several periods, roughly bounded by the Anshi Rebellion. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong. In the period of Emperor Taizong, the national strength gradually recovered, defeating the strong enemy East Turkistan. Emperor Taizong was honored as "Tiankhan" and realized the rule of Zhenguan. During the period of Tang Gaozong, he defeated powerful enemies such as West Turkistan and Koguryo, and established the rule of Yonghui. After Tang Gaozong's death, Wu Zetian reached its peak in People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding week in 690. Until 705, Tang Zhongzong was restored by the Dragon Revolution, and the Tang Dynasty was also restored. It was not until Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty succeeded to the throne that the politics dominated by women completely ended. Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was the second peak and turning point of the Tang Dynasty. During the Kaiyuan period, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty got rid of the disadvantages of the previous dynasty, became politically enlightened and conquered all countries in the world, which is known as the prosperity of Kaiyuan in history. By the time of Tianbao, politics was gradually chaotic. In 755, An Shi Rebellion broke out, and the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. In the middle Tang Dynasty, under the influence of internal and external troubles such as the invasion of Heshuo and Tubo towns, the eunuch's autocratic power and the dispute between cattle and Li, the Tang Dynasty went into decline. In the meantime, although Tang Xianzong's Yuanhe Zhongxing, Tang Wuzong's Huichang Zhongxing and Tang Xuanzong were temporarily ruled by Dazhong, they failed to eradicate the internal and external troubles of the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, because of political corruption, civil strife broke out in the late Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Huang Chao Rebellion destroyed the economy in the south of the Yangtze River, completely disintegrated the economy in the Tang Dynasty, and led to the separatist regime in the country. Finally, the Tang Dynasty was controlled by Zhu Quanzhong. He forced Tang Zhaozong to move the capital to Luoyang, forced Tang Aidi to go to Zen in 907, and the Tang Dynasty perished in 290. Zhu Quanzhong Liang Jianguo, known as Hou Liang in history, entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
The territory of the Tang Dynasty was vast but constantly changing, surpassing that of the Sui Dynasty in 630. The Tang Dynasty was also the first unified dynasty since Qin and Han Dynasties that did not use or build the Great Wall built by the previous dynasty. [6][7][8] Its heyday was the 7th century, when the oasis in Central Asia was ruled by the Tang Dynasty. Its largest scope extends to Luofu State in the south (now Hejing, Vietnam), Xuanzang State in the north (now Angara River Basin, Russia), Rest State in the west (now Bukhara, Uzbekistan) and Gebu State in the east (now Tonghua, Jilin), with a land area of/kloc-0.076 million square kilometers. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the territory of Mobei and the Western Regions fell one after another, and it declined to the size of China at the end of the Tang Dynasty. However, according to conservative estimates, the population of the Tang Dynasty rose from 25 million in the early Tang Dynasty to 80 million in its heyday (Tianbao period), far exceeding the population peak of 46 million in the Sui Dynasty. At this time, the population of Chang 'an municipal district is estimated to be around 2 million, and the urban population is 1 10,000.
Li Hu, the ancestor of the royal family in the Tang Dynasty, was listed as one of the eight pillars of the Western Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties for his achievements. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen named Li Fang, the son of Li Hu, as Tang Taigong, and Li Yuan, the son of Fang Li, succeeded him. Li Yuan was highly valued by Yang Di and was sent to stay in Taiyuan in 6 16. However, Yang Di was not at ease with him and sent Wang Wei and Gao Junya to supervise him [4]:37.
During the great cause of the Sui Dynasty, due to Yang Di's excessive use of state power, Goguryeo's Three Signs failed, and there were many people's uprisings in various places, which was called the uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty. Seeing the chaos in the world, the demise of the Sui Dynasty was irreversible, and Li Yuan had the idea of replacing it [27]. In 6 17, Li Yuan killed Wang Wei and Gao Junya and rebelled in Taiyuan. Soon, Tang Gaozu led his men to smash Qu Tutong, who was guarding Guanzhong, and occupied Daxing, the capital of Sui Dynasty. Li Yuan established You Yang as Emperor Yangdi, respected Yang Di as the distant emperor, and became a prime minister and king of the Tang Dynasty [4]. 37. In Yangzhou, Emperor Yang Di was disheartened and unwilling to return to Guanzhong. Finally, he was killed by Yu Wenhuaji and other rebels in the Jiangdu coup in 6 18. Li Yuan took this opportunity to force Emperor Yangdi to meditate in May of the same year, and established the Tang Dynasty, namely Tang Gaozu. Daxing, the capital, was renamed Chang 'an, and Li Jian, the eldest son, was made a prince, Li Shimin, the second son, was the king of Qin, and Li Yuanji, the fourth son, was the king of Qi [4]:37.
After Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, he gradually unified the world based on Guanzhong. Before he entered Guanzhong, he sent envoys to flatter Shi Mi, the wagang army who occupied Henan, and made it a barrier to eastward advancement. After entering the customs, he sent Xue Ju and Xue, the northwest Jincheng, to pacify, and sent Tang Shi An and An Xiuren to capture Wuwei Gui Li alive. In 620, Li Shimin was sent to defeat Liu Wuzhou and Song Jingang who invaded Hedong (now Shaanxi Province). Then, King Zheng of Luoyang and Dou Jiande, the Xia emperor of Hebei, declared an alliance to jointly resist the Tang Dynasty. In 622, he defeated the allied forces, captured Dou Jiande and Wang, and surrendered. Liu Heita, the remaining party of Dou Jiande, was also defeated by Li, and Hebei was pacified. In 623, Fu Gong led Du Yu to fight the Tang Dynasty in Danyang, and was captured and killed by Tang Jun the following year, and Jiangnan was pacified. In 62 1 year, Li Jing won the battle with Xiao, and lost to Tang in Jiangling. The following year, Feng Ang of Lingnan surrendered, Qianzhoulin died, and China was owned by the Tang Dynasty.
The king of Qin and the prince competed for the throne. In 626 AD, the Xuanwumen rebellion was launched, and Prince Li He was killed.
Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong [3 1]
Li Yuanji, King of Qi, controls Chang 'an. Tang Gaozu knew the situation very well, so he abdicated and became the emperor's father. Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Taizong.
After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he realized the greatness of the people's power from the magnificent peasant war and the reasons for the demise of the Sui Dynasty, and attached great importance to the lives of ordinary people. At the same time, we should pay attention to the management of officials, select talents and appoint people, make suggestions and reuse Wei Zhi and other ministers; And adopted policies such as taking agriculture as the foundation, practicing economy, recuperating, reviving culture and education, and perfecting the imperial examination system to stabilize the society; He also tried to pacify the invasion of foreign enemies, respected the customs and habits of border nationalities, promoted the integration of ethnic relations and stabilized the frontier. Emperor Taizong was honored as "Tiankhan" by all countries in the Quartet. During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong's reign (AD 627-649), with the joint efforts of the monarch and his subjects, there was a situation of ruling the world with clear politics, economic development, social stability and flourishing martial arts, which was called "Zhenguan rule" in history. This was the first rule of the Tang Dynasty and laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan later. [32-34]
In his later years, Emperor Taizong was troubled by the prince's problems. Prince Li Chenggan fought with Wang. As a result, Emperor Taizong abolished the two of them, and finally made the ninth son Wang Jin Li Zhi the prince. After the death of Emperor Taizong, Li Zhi acceded to the throne for Tang Gaozong. Tang Gaozong reigned for thirty-four years (649-683). At the beginning of Emperor Gaozong's reign, he continued to implement various political and economic systems formulated by Emperor Taizong, supplemented by Li Shiji, Sun Chang Wuji and Chu Suiliang. They all bear in mind the wishes of Emperor Taizong, unswervingly carry out the instructions of Emperor Taizong and love the people.
When Tang Gaozong ascended the throne, he announced to his ministers: "If something is inconvenient for the people, follow it. If it is not finished, it will be sealed." On that day, the secretariat entered the cabinet and asked the people about their sufferings; Emperor Taizong instructed him to respect frugality, and Emperor Gaozong immediately issued a letter: "Anyone who offers state horses such as eagle dogs and Beijing officials is guilty." [35] The ministers of Emperor Gaozong followed the instructions of Emperor Taizong, so during the reign of Emperor Yonghui, the frontier was stable (the western Turkic khanate occupied the western regions, Koguryo and Baekje occupied most of the Korean peninsula) and the people were in Fuan (the population increased from less than 3 million in Zhenguan to 3.8 million because Yang Di abused the people). In addition, during his reign, the territory of the Tang Dynasty was the largest.
After the middle period of Emperor Gaozong, the regime was gradually controlled by Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian was originally Emperor Taizong.
The only female emperor in the history of China, Wu Zetian [36]
Talents in this period were recruited into the palace by Emperor Taizong after his death. She won the power struggle and was made queen, which is called "a talented woman with many talents, but also involved in literature and history". Since 656 AD, due to physical reasons, many political affairs of Emperor Gaozong were gradually handed over to Wu Zetian, who became one of the supreme rulers and was called "double saints" with Emperor Gaozong [29]. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Prince Li Xian succeeded to the throne of Tang Zhongzong. Due to disagreement with Zhongzong, Wu Zetian soon abolished Zhongzong as the king of Luling and changed her fourth son, Li Dan, to the emperor of Tang Ruizong. After Wu Zetian put down the rebellion, in 690 AD, she abolished the throne and changed the title to Zhou, that is, Wu Zhou, with Luoyang as its capital (known as the capital of the gods in history), and changed Li Dan as the heir, becoming the only female emperor in China history. [37-38] During the reign of Empress Wu Zetian, the country developed more than during the Zhenguan period. Continue to implement the land equalization system and develop agricultural production; The imperial examination system was further improved, and the imperial examination and martial arts were created. Wu Zetian began to crack down on Guanlong Group from the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and vigorously promoted officials who were born in imperial examinations, calling them "North Gate Bachelor", many of whom were scholars from Kanto and Jiangnan. And vigorously promote talents, such as Di, Zhang Jianzhi, Zhang Renyuan, Yao Chong and other famous ministers and generals. [39] Culture and art have also made progress. Buddhism flourished at that time, and Buddhist temples were frequently built during the Wu and Zhou Dynasties. [37][40]
In the first year of Shenlong (AD 705), Jinghui and Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi staged a coup, which forced Wu Zetian to abdicate and made Li Xian the Chinese emperor, thus restoring the political power of the Tang Dynasty. Li Dan was made king of Xiang. However, Zhongzong was always influenced by Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle, his daughter and party member Wu Sansi, the elder of Wuhou. Both Zhang Jianzhi and Jing Hui were exiled or killed. Wei Ruyun intends to be the second marquis of Wu, and Princess Anle once asked to be the wife of the emperor. In the fourth year of Jinglong (AD 7 10), Wei Ruyun and Princess Anle conspired to poison Zhongzong. Wei Ruyun established King Li Zhongmao as a young emperor (also called Emperor) and wanted to hurt King Li Dan. At that time, Li Longji, the son of Li Dan, the king of Linzi, launched a political rebellion in Tang Long with the help of his aunt Princess Taiping, killing the remnants of Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle and Wu Shi, and releasing Li Dan.
Later, Princess Rui Zongmei of Taiping waged a power struggle with Li Longji. In the first year of Yanhe (AD 7 12), he gave way to the Prince, that is, also known as Tang. In 7 13 AD, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sentenced Princess Taiping to death, and her followers either killed or chased her, ending this chaotic political situation known as the "Hou Wei Rebellion". In the same year, it was changed to Kaiyuan. [43] Tang Xuanzong reigned for 44 years. In the early period (Kaiyuan years), the politics was relatively clear and the economy developed rapidly. [44-45] The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history. [46] This period is considered to be the second heyday in the history of China after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty and Xuan Di. It was the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. Chang 'an, the capital, was the largest city in the world and the first big city with a population of over one million.
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed to Tianbao in Yuan Dynasty, he was full of ambition and decided to indulge himself. From then on, he never asked about state affairs again. After accepting Yang Yuhuan as the imperial concubine, she became more addicted to debauchery. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed Li, who was notorious for his duplicity, as prime minister, and he was in office for eighteen years, [18] which made the government corrupt.
Tang Xuanzong [43]
After Li's death, he took Yang as his portrait. During this period, eunuchs began to intervene, and Gao Lishi's power was hot. [47] Tang Xuanzong was overjoyed. Because of this, border generals often provoke wars against foreigners in order to win credit. At that time, because the military system was changed from the official military system to the recruitment system, our time was combined with soldiers in military towns, and there was a situation in which frontier fortress generals joined the army exclusively. [46] Among them, the Anshi Rebellion is the most famous. An Lushan took advantage of the political corruption and military emptiness in the Tang Dynasty, and launched a rebellion with Shi Siming in November of the 14th year of Yu Tianbao (AD 755), and soon captured the capital Chang 'an, which was known as the "Anshi Rebellion". [43] Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty feared to flee to Chengdu, and Prince Hengli proclaimed himself emperor in Lingwu, Tang Suzong, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was the emperor's father. An Lushan claimed to be the Great Yan Emperor, with the title of Wu Sheng. It took eight years for the rebellion to be put down. [40][46]
The Anshi Rebellion weakened the Tang Dynasty, from prosperity to decline. At this time, the land equalization system has gradually disintegrated, and the phenomenon of land merger has become increasingly serious, so the rent adjustment system cannot be implemented. The separatist situation in the buffer zone has been formed. [40]
In Tang Daizong, Ada reformed the salt law and improved the country's financial situation. Tang Dezong appointed Yang Yan as the prime minister, and in the first year of Jianzhong (AD 780), two tax laws were implemented, and taxes were levied by land in summer and autumn. Tang Dezong also tried to pacify San Francisco, but it caused the rebellion of Zhu Tao, Li Xilie and Zhu Zhi. The result was a disaster. The war lasted for five years. In the end, although Zhu Qi and Li Xilie were defeated, the Tang Dynasty compromised with other provinces on the condition that the titles of kings were abolished and the imperial court recognized their local sovereignty. Since then, the separatist situation has further deepened.
Tang Yizong and Tang Xizong were famous bad kings, and their bad kings made the Tang Dynasty go downhill all the time. [57] In the late Tang Dynasty, wars continued and the economy and politics declined. In the 13th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 859), a peasant uprising broke out. After Huang Chao's attack, the rule of the Tang Dynasty existed in name only. [58] After the Huang Chao Uprising, the foundation of the Tang Dynasty was broken. The imperial army managed by eunuchs also suffered heavy losses, so the prime minister and eunuchs fought for power and profit constantly. After the Huang Chao Uprising, Tang Xizong died in the turmoil of the late Tang Dynasty and was succeeded by his younger brother Tang Zhaozong. [58] In 898 AD, Liu and others, the deputy commander of Shence Army, staged a coup. Zhao Zong was placed under house arrest, and Prince Li Yu began to supervise the country. On the same day, the eunuch falsely proclaimed the imperial edict, saying that Zhao Zong claimed to be the emperor's father, made the crown prince acceded to the throne, and enhanced his title. [40][59]
In the year of Guangfu (AD 90 1), Prime Minister Cui Yin jointly banned it.
Map of peasant war in the late Tang Dynasty
General Sun Dezhao defeated Liu and welcomed him back. Li Yufu surrendered to the German king. Zhu Wen and Li Keyong became the man of the hour in the late Tang Dynasty. With the support of Zhu Wen, the Prime Minister sent someone to win, and Zhu Wen entered the palace to punish the eunuchs. In the first year of God bless (AD 904), Zhu Wen kidnapped Tang Zhaozong, moved the capital to Luoyang, and soon killed Tang Zhaozong. [59] In the second year of God Blessing (AD 905), Zhu Quanzhong wantonly demoted the officials who were demoted by the imperial court, killed more than 30 courtiers in Baima Post and dumped their bodies in the river, which is known as the disaster of Baima Post. God bless four years (AD 907), forced to negotiate to change the beam to Kaiping, with Kaifeng as its capital. The Tang Dynasty perished and the country was founded for 290 years. [40][60]
After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the later Tang Dynasty in Li Jianli in the Five Dynasties and the southern Tang Dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms both claimed to be the successors of the Tang Dynasty, and both took "Tang" as their country name. In fact, their emperor is not related to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty.
Militarily, powerful military power is a remarkable feature of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty unified the Sui Dynasty.
Tri-colored Warrior Figurines of Tang Dynasty [66]
China, which has been divided by warlords in the past few years. When Emperor Taizong and Wuhou were in power, they made expeditions to East and West Turkistan, destroyed Gaochang and took it as a county, destroyed Koguryo and Baekje, defeated Japanese reinforcements in the battle of Baicunjiang, and fought against Hong, Tiele, Shiwei and Qidan. [67] At that time, the military system and economic and technological advantages of the Tang Dynasty in Asia were the basis of these achievements. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the forces of the Tang Dynasty met forces from Arabia, and the emerging Sunnis believed in Islam. They met in Central Asian countries, including Wu Zhao, Jiu Guo Xing, Big and Small Polos and Tuholo. As a result, China's forces withdrew from Central Asia because of the Anshi Rebellion. One after another, the separation of the provinces led to the economic depression in North China. [68]
Among the many famous generals in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the Han generals such as Xue, Yu and his son, Gao Pian, etc., the foreign generals also occupied an important position: An Lushan, Shi Siming, Baekje, Gao Xianzhi of Goguryeo, Li Guangbi of Qidan, etc. [69-70]
The destruction of land equalization system and rent adjustment system led to the change of officers and men system into conscription system and recruitment system. The Anshi Rebellion and the expansion of cycling caused by the military system of the interim government could not resist the forces of our time. The Tang Dynasty lost power militarily: there were vassal areas inside, and Uighur, Tubo and Nanzhao invaded the border outside. However, in the second year of Huichang in the late Tang Dynasty, Tang Jun destroyed the sip Department of Uighur, collected 7,000 accounts and killed nearly 90,000 prisoners. When the arrows were fired, the camels dived, and Wu Jie captured them and killed them. [69][7 1] In Huichang for three years, Tang Jun defeated Uighur Uzbek Khan and his 100,000 followers at the top of Yinshan Mountain, and the Uighur khanate perished and Wang Tong perished, thus pacifying the northern border. After the Anshi Rebellion, Tubo once occupied Hehuang during the civil strife in the Tang Dynasty, and then the Tang Dynasty and Tubo fought a tug-of-war in the northwest for nearly a hundred years. During this period, Tang Jun defeated Tubo many times. In February of the seventh year of Xian Tong (866), Zhang Yichao played in the imperial court, which enabled the Uighur leader Fu to recover Xizhou, Beiting, Luntai, Qingzhen and other cities. In October of the same year, Gu Jun, a servant, fought against the Tubo general who was still afraid of heat and defeated the Tubo army. His beheading was still afraid of heat and spread to the capital. Tubo Yu Zhong fled to Qin Zhou and was attacked by businessmen on the way. Defeated again and moved to Lingnan. Tubo then declined. The destruction of Hexi made Tang Ting no longer worry about the West.
Nanzhao Army attacked Chengdu and occupied Annan when Tang Xichuan and Annan were weak. The following spring, Tang Jun recovered Annan. Since then, Tang and Nanzhao have fought many times in Annan. After seven years in Xian Tong, Tang finally expelled all Nanzhao troops. In the second year of Ganfu, he defeated Nanzhao Army in Dadu River and captured dozens of its leaders. Nanzhao never bothered surprisingly again. Nanzhao exhausted its national strength in the war with the Tang Dynasty. After these failures, it is no longer a climate. Nanzhao died five years before the Tang Dynasty, that is, two years after the Tang Dynasty.
Agricultural production tools in the Tang Dynasty had a new development. Qu Yuan's Fu appeared in Tang Dynasty. There are also new irrigation tools, such as water trucks and flat-bottomed boats. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were only 160 important water conservancy projects recorded. Among them, the famous ones are Yuliangqu, Jiangyan Lake and Jinghu Lake. [69-70] During the Tianbao period, the cultivated land area in the Tang Dynasty reached 8.5 million hectares. Grain output has also increased. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the official warehouse stored 96 million stones of grain. When the rice price in Luoyang and Chang 'an was the lowest, there were only thirteen articles and one bucket, and Qingzhou and qi zhou had only five articles and one bucket. In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the migration of population to the south, land reclamation and water conservancy construction, the grain output in the south increased greatly.
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it quickly introduced its own coinage policy. Wude four years (AD 62 1
Kaiyuan Bao Tong [78]
In July, 2008, "Waste five baht money, starting with Kaiyuan Baotong money, with a diameter of eight cents, weighing two baht and four baht, ten products weighing one or two, and a thousand products weighing six catties and four liang" [78-79] established the legal currency status of the State Mint. At the same time, it inherited the tradition of taking silk as currency in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and implemented the monetary system of "money and silk go hand in hand"-money is copper coins, and silk is the general name of silk products, including brocade, embroidery, silk, silk, crepe, silk, silk and silk. In fact, it is a diversified monetary system combining physical currency and metal currency. [80-8 1]
The Tang government issued a decree to crack down on private casting and prohibit the use of bad money. However, due to the serious shortage of copper coins, the currency value has risen steadily, and private casting is profitable, so the effect is not ideal. A long-standing contradiction in social development after the implementation of the two tax laws is highlighted by the increasingly serious problem of "money shortage" [80][82]
Datang is the first country to issue paper money in the world, and Feiqian is the earliest paper money in the world. This is the earliest prototype of paper money in the world, and it has also been recognized and recognized by scholars all over the world since modern times. It was not until the Song Dynasty 200 years later that jiaozi was officially issued and circulated in Sichuan as a local currency. In the big cities of the Tang Dynasty, cabinets and flying money appeared. The counter handles the payment of money and goods, and customers who deposit at the counter can send and pay money with book stickers (similar to checks). All these indicate the prosperity of commerce in the middle Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, because of the Huang Chao Rebellion and the war of the buffer region, the number of households dropped sharply, and the social and economic scale never reached the level of the prosperous era of Kaiyuan.
China's first champion, Sanyuanji, was born in the Tang Dynasty. They were the champion Sun in 622 AD (Yan Kangcheng in 65 1 year) and the champion Sanyuanji in 78 1 year.
The most remarkable literary achievement of the Tang Dynasty is the Tang poetry. Since the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty", Tang?
Famous writers and poets in Tang Dynasty (7 pieces)
There are many famous poets in the dynasties, including Li Bai, Du Fu, Cen Can and Wang Wei in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Li He, Han Yu and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Li Shangyin and Du Mu in the late Tang Dynasty. Their poems have different styles, including rich imagination of the mythical world and detailed description of real life, including passionate frontier poems, gloomy and heavy "poetic history" and fresh and refined pastoral poems. The isomorphism of these poems has become an outstanding representative of China's literary achievements. Although there were still outstanding poets in the Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the overall level of regular poetry and classical poetry was not as good as that of the Tang Dynasty, which made Tang poetry an insurmountable peak of China's classical poetry. The big cities with the largest number of Complete Tang Poems are Chang 'an, Luoyang and Yuezhou.
Zhang Xuan's "The Picture of the Lady of the State of Guo You Chun" absorbed the characteristics of the western regions and religious colors, so the art of the Tang Dynasty was very different from that of the previous generation. In the early Tang Dynasty, Yan and Yan Lide were good at figure painting. Wu Daozi has the title of "painting sage". He is good at figures and landscapes, absorbs the techniques of western painting school and has rich pictures.
Tamping diagram [93]
In terms of three-dimensional sense, there is a saying that "five generations of wind". [94-95]? Natalie mainly painted ladies-in-waiting, and his famous works include The Picture of Tao Ren, The Picture of Lady You Chun of the State of Guo, The Picture of Flowers and Ladies, etc. The poet Wang Wei is good at ink and wash landscape painting, and Su Shi called him "painting with poetry".
The cause of mural painting in Tang Dynasty was particularly developed. The murals in Mogao Grottoes and Mausoleums have been handed down from generation to generation. The carving art in the Tang Dynasty was equally outstanding. Dunhuang, Longmen, Maijishan and Bingling Temple Grottoes all reached their peak in the Tang Dynasty. The Lushena Buddha in Longmen Grottoes and the Leshan Buddha in Sichuan are both amazing. The three-color six-horse figurines and tombs in Zhaoling are very beautiful. Among them, the sculptor Yang Huizhi is called Plastic Saint.
Almost all the cultural, institutional and social features of the Tang Dynasty were inherited from the Sui Dynasty. Li in the Tang Dynasty had a closer relationship with Yang in the Sui Dynasty. To a certain extent, the Tang Dynasty was an extension of the Sui Dynasty, so historians in previous dynasties often merged it with the Sui Dynasty to form the Sui Dynasty.