(1) The historical changes of clothing characteristics: from simplicity in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty to luxury in the later years. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, thrift was advocated, and pearls and jade were not allowed on clothes and hats. Officials at all levels have strict rules on dress colors, and ordinary people can only wear black and white clothes. Later, luxury prevailed and the rulers' costumes were exquisite and gorgeous.
(2) It reflects the influence of ethnic minorities: under the influence of ethnic minorities in the north, workers often wear small sleeve's short-sleeved clothes.
(3) There is a bad habit of foot binding. Due to the advocacy of some literati, the bad habit of female foot-binding gradually spread, reflecting the increasingly serious feudal bondage of women.
Step 2 prescribe diet
As an agricultural nation, the Han nationality has always occupied a major position in diet. The food of northerners is mainly millet and wheat, while that of southerners is mainly rice. There are many kinds of pasta, including sesame seed cake, soup cake (noodle soup) and cage cake (steamed bread). There are steamed buns, wonton and so on. In the pasta of the Song people. Rice and millet are mainly used for cooking and porridge. Limited by the ancient production level, it is difficult for the broad masses of the lower classes to maintain food and clothing. Poor people in the north generally drink millet porridge. Porridge is also often used for disaster relief. The difference of staple food between north and south in Song Dynasty is quite obvious.
The cooking techniques in the Song Dynasty have been quite superb, including boiling, roasting, roasting, frying, frying, sliding, boiling, stewing, steaming, waxing, honey, pulling onions, wine, freezing, salt, holding and dipping, each of which can be made into more than 20 varieties.
Among the meat foods of Song people, sheep was the most prominent in the north, and pork was second only to mutton in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the agricultural production of Song Dynasty, cattle were an important productive force, and the government ordered many times to ban the slaughter of cattle.
Tea and wine are the most important beverages in the Song Dynasty, which have been monopolized by the government because of their rich profits. From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the custom of drinking tea became more and more common. "Tea is civil, equal to rice and salt. You can't live without it for a day. " Even at the bottom of society, tea has become an important way of communication. For example, "Tea was delivered by mistake in the East Village", and Tian She woman "Weng Tuo" refused to marry after eating tea. "Tian Ke remembered God and blamed him for not wanting tea." For spring ploughing, farmers "bought tea bags and rented cows". However, due to the government's monopoly on tea, although a considerable proportion of civilians eat tea, it is inevitable that the quality is poor.
3. House
The government has hierarchical restrictions on the size, style and even appellation of people's rooms. Houses with more than six grades are allowed to be called Aconitum Gate. There are five houses in Shu Ren, only one door and two buildings. The hierarchical system reflects the universal characteristics of China's ancient autocratic society, which makes people know the owner's home at a glance. Zhu said that when looking at a house, we should look at the shelves of the house, not just the painted walls outside. Building the first residence is the fashionable atmosphere of literati, and the first residence of officials is the most concentrated in the capital region. Some structures are wonderful. New progress has been made in private gardens. Especially Suzhou and Hangzhou. Stacking stones to build mountains, diverting water to open pools, competing for strange peaks, cliffs, gullies, yin caves, etc. , the accumulation is obvious. It's not an ordinary family house. It is extremely difficult for ordinary people to build houses. Buildings are almost everywhere in the countryside.
Before the Tang Dynasty, people mainly sat on the floor, so several cases were short. Tables and chairs were replaced in the Tang and Five Dynasties and were popular in the Song Dynasty. So I gradually developed the sit-up method of sitting with my feet down. The popularity of Wang Mingqing's Return to the Peak began in the early days of Shaoxing.
Step 4 transport
Song Dynasty was a society in which rural natural economy was dominant. When farmers escape from famine in disaster years, their demand for transportation is even greater. Among the so-called taxis, agriculture, industry and commerce in ancient times, businessmen and taxi drivers undoubtedly used the most traffic facilities, followed by handicrafts. Scholars must rely on transportation whether they go to the imperial examination or travel around the world. According to the Song system, officials often have to pay postal coupons when they are on business trips or when scholars go to Beijing to take exams. In Kaifeng, Lin 'an and other cities, there are already some transportation rental industries. People who travel far away naturally have a trip and a place to stay. Under the traffic conditions at that time, the driving speed was quite slow. According to the ruler's regulations, officials "rode seventy miles, rode fifty miles, and drove thirty miles", which roughly reflected the general speed at that time. Song Taizu began to treat soldiers as deliverymen representing the people. The postal system in Song Dynasty was classified according to speed. It is stipulated that the gold medal relay journey is 500 days, and the speed of quick relay, riding relay and stepping relay is 400 miles, 300 miles and 200 miles respectively. Deduction of novels, operas, etc. Give people the wrong impression that the gold plate is a token. In fact, the gold plate is only a sign of the fastest speed. At that time, letters and official documents were also delivered by pigeons.
Animal power played an important role in traffic in Song Dynasty, including horses, donkeys, mules, camels and cows. There was a serious shortage of horses in the Song Dynasty, so it cost a lot of money to buy horses from the surrounding areas. Folk riding donkeys, mules and cattle have some universality, especially cattle. A rickshaw is pushed by one or two people and carries goods or people. In the Song Dynasty, it was quite common for dignitaries to use sedan chairs.