After the Qin Dynasty unified China (22 BC1year), it sent 500,000 troops to invade the south. The first large-scale invasion of Qin and Zhao Tuo (note: Zhao Tuo sent officials to Qin, he will appear later, please be on your guard) aroused the heroic resistance of the Vietnamese people, indicating that the invasion of the north has entered a new stage of large-scale and systematization.
Qin Jun occupied part of the territory of people of all ethnic groups south of the Yangtze River, and established counties (2 14 BC) such as Minzhong (Fujian), Nanhai (Guangdong), Guilin (northern Guangxi) and Xiang (western Guangxi and southern Guizhou). However, the deeper the Qin army went into the Yue nationality area, the more bravely it was resisted by Ou Yue and Luo Yue people. The Luo people and people of other nationalities temporarily retreated to the deep mountains and forests. They organized anti-Japanese forces, elected outstanding talents as generals, and ambushed Qin Jun at night. The Vietnamese people persisted in the long-term war of resistance for ten years. Eliminate100000 Qin Jun. Sui, commander-in-chief of Qin Jun, was also killed.
Sima Qian, a famous historian in China, wrote: "When it is, the Qin case is blamed on Hu in the north, and the south hangs on the Tao. The soldiers are useless and cannot be retired. After more than ten years of travel, Ding Nan was defeated by A and Ding Nv, which was terrible. He crossed the Taoist tree and the dead looked at each other. And the collapse of Qin Shihuang (209 BC), the world was in chaos. " (Historical Records 1 12)
In 207 BC, Zhao Tuo, an official of the Qin Dynasty, occupied Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangxiang counties, established South Vietnam (Guangdong) country (that is, I called it "South Vietnam" from ancient history, and the history of Vietnamese civilization basically began), claiming to be the king. For the Northern Dynasties, Zhao Tuo was king, which was only a separatist force within the feudal group in China. Soon after he became king, Zhao Tuo returned to the Northern Dynasties (at that time, in China, the Han Dynasty had replaced the Qin Dynasty, and the officials of the Han Dynasty who persuaded Zhao Tuo to surrender again were also famous, which was more interesting for readers to discover for themselves).
After the establishment of South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo sent troops for many times in an attempt to annex the country of Europe. Zhao Tuo's army attacked Xianyou Mountain (Xianshan, Hebei Province) and Wuning (Guiwu, Hebei Province) (both are Yue's names, and now Henan, Hebei and Hexi all have names), but they were all defeated.
The failure of the invading army of Qin Dynasty and the failure of Zhao Tuo's first invasion show that our people have the ability to resist the large-scale planned invasion by foreign enemies. The source of this power is the social order, living habits and unique culture established by the Yue people for thousands of years, which was highly expressed as early as the Ou period. The second source is that the spirit of national unity is increasingly strengthened in the cause of founding and defending the country, which is of great historical significance. The two little brother kingdoms, Wenlang and Shu, have been unified into a big country. Within Europe, scattered tribes are weakening and ethnic factors are increasing. Therefore, the national spirit-the expression of independent consciousness-has been further improved.
Zhao Tuo knew that he could not defeat the country by military means, so he withdrew to Wuning Mountain to make peace with the king of Anyang. He sent his son Zhong You to Luo Ou to surrender to the king of Anyang. King Anyang married his daughter Zhu Mei to Zhong Shi. Zhong Shi became a widow in Luo Ou.
This is Zhao Tuo's plot to corrupt Europe. During my years as a son-in-law, I learned about Europe, learned how to make crossbows and destroy them, and fled back to China to report to Zhao Tuo. This time, Zhao Tuo used a combination of military and espionage to annex Luo Ou. King Anyang was defeated and committed suicide by jumping into the sea. This happened around 179 BC.
After Zhao Tuo occupied Europe, it merged into South Vietnam and was divided into two counties: Jiaodi (north) and Jiuzhen (north of the central government). And sent officials and troops to establish camps and rule.
In BC11year, the Han Dynasty mobilized hundreds of thousands of troops to attack South Vietnam. After a period of resistance in South Vietnam, some ministers of Zhao Tuo were killed or captured. The leader of the west area (west of the king) took the opportunity to revolt and intended to restore the country's independence. But Xi Yu Wang was killed by General Zuo Huang Tong. Zhao's emissary arrived at Hepu with hundreds of cows, thousands of jars of wine and household registration books in Jiao Jiao and Jiuzhen counties, and handed them over to Han officials as a sign of surrender.
South Vietnam was wiped out. Luo Ou was transferred to the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, the Jiaotoe Department was established here, and a secretariat was appointed to the Oroqen nationality (Anlang, Yongfu Province) to take charge of the nine counties.
The nine counties include Jiaotou (north), Jiuzhen (north of central China), Riliang (central China) and six overseas counties, namely, Boer, Zhu Ya (Hainan Island), Nanhai, Hepu (Guangdong), Yulin and Cangwu (Guangxi). In each county, it is led by a governor in charge of politics and a captain in command of the army.
Below the county is the county. In Jiaozhi County, most counties are still under the jurisdiction of pheasants, although they dress up as county officials and have bronze seals in their hands. At first, the Han dynasty, like the Zhao dynasty, still adopted the policy of "treating the people by all means" and "governing from the common customs". The basic form of exploitation is compulsory tribute to valuables. Besides, we also buy and sell local products and handmaiden.
The direct rule of the Han Dynasty, like the rule of Zhao Tuo, was confined to a part of the central region (prefecture and county governments). But its assimilation plot is more explicit than in the past. The Han Dynasty exiled many sinners and moved a large number of poor people to Jiao Jiao.
According to the statistics of Han Dynasty, there were 143643 households and 98 1735 people in three counties of Luo Ou.
In the early years of A.D., there was a rebellion in the northern court, and Wang Mang usurped the throne of the Western Han Dynasty and set up a new dynasty on his own (A.D. 8-23). The Eastern Han Dynasty replaced Wang Mang. During that period, officials of the Han Dynasty plotted to separate themselves in the Jiaodi area, but they soon surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty. From then on, the foreign rule with tin light as the toe and Ren Yan as the nine-to-nine true satrap was even more cruel. This is manifested in the way of exploitation and the degree of assimilation.
As for the way of exploitation, in addition to forcing our people to pay the precious things in the south (rhinoceros horn, ivory, hawksbill, pearl, petrel, gold and silver, etc.). ), the Han dynasty also occupied an area to establish manors, exploited the ancestral industry heavily and monopolized the production and trade of salt and iron. In the assimilation policy, they forced our people to follow the feudal "ethics" of the Han Dynasty from food, clothing, housing and transportation to marriage. They set up several schools with the aim of training some effective officials for the ruling authorities and propagating feudal ideas and morality (the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members, etc.). ).
In order to achieve the above two goals, the Eastern Han Dynasty consolidated and improved the ruling institutions, and intended to abolish the method of "ruling from its customs" and adopt the laws of the Han Dynasty to bind the people and limit the power of generals. Su Ding followed Xiguang as a toe-crossing satrap. He is very greedy and cruel, and he is a money-oriented person.
Under this circumstance, the national liberation struggle of our people has reached a new height, with new contents and different forms. This is the uprising movement of the people all over the country, and its peak is the Erzheng Lady Uprising, which will shine forever for generations.
In March of AD 40, Zheng Bian and his sister, Zheng Er, rose up in Hemen. Patriots from all over the world gathered in the elk forest. The insurgents marched from Elk Cold to the plain and attacked the Eastern Han Dynasty in Jiaotoe (Shuncheng, Hebei). Before and after Mrs Erzheng's uprising, there were many uprisings in Jiaotou (north), Jiuzhen (north of the central government), Rinan (central government) and Hepu (Guangdong province, China).
According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty (volumes 54 and 86), many barbarians and slang people (generally referring to southern ethnic minorities) in Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Rinan and Hepu counties all rose up together in response to the uprising of Mrs. Erzheng.
Under the leadership of Mrs. Erzheng, uprisings in various places-from mountainous areas to plains, including the Vietnamese and other ethnic groups in the past-quickly unified into a massive mass uprising movement. It is particularly noteworthy that there are many women among the rebel generals.
After Zhao Tuo annexed Europe and Vietnam, China was incorporated into South Vietnam. By the time China was unified by the Han Dynasty, all the vassals had to submit to the Han Dynasty.
Xiongnu was defeated and fled to the west. Songkhla (Shi Yue) used to be a neighbor of the Han nationality, but now she lives in India Gate. Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions by the Han Dynasty. He once reached Kangju in the western Pamirs, and then returned to Chang 'an, Kyoto via Tibet. Central Asia became an area influenced by the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty had direct contact with Persia, and it is said that it also reached the Roman Empire. The northern part of the Korean peninsula became Lelang County in the Han Dynasty. Yunnan was completely annihilated. The Yue kings of East Vietnam and Fujian (Zhejiang and Fujian) all surrendered to the Han Dynasty and were soon wiped out. Lv Jia in South Vietnam (Guangdong and Guangxi) was also destroyed after the failure of resistance. Ou Yue also realized the same fate and was divided into counties and incorporated into the territory of China. The Han empire is entering its heyday.
From then on, it was taken for granted that all barbarians and all "nations" surrendered to the "son of heaven" of the Han Dynasty. The Han rulers spread the idea of "respecting the monarch and unifying the whole country" with the aim of making all ethnic groups in the frontier submit to the "emperor" and "China". This seems to be something that no one dares to argue!
The uprising of Erzheng Lady shocked the whole country. From the fire of the hero's rise, the historical truth is radiated: although a nation is small, it has established a country, mastered its own destiny and become the master of the country, and such a nation will not yield. No force can destroy it. Mrs Erzheng's uprising is the crystallization of the whole struggle process of the Vietnamese people, sometimes hidden and sometimes open. This is a movement that the whole people rose up, which not only gathered the uprising forces under the banner of Mrs. Erzheng who was held high at the drinking door, but also ignited the uprising fires all over the country. The uprising won because it was a movement with a wide range of people, rather than the spontaneous action of individual tribes and chiefs. It embodies the lofty spirit of all ethnic groups, men, women and children from all walks of life to unite under the banner of the second lady, expel foreign invaders and build the country.
The outbreak of Erzheng Lady's Uprising is the awakening of national spirit. It is a direct denial of the authority of the Han empire to "level the world" for a small ethnic group to win, be king and establish an independent regime. Second, Mrs. Zheng and the national uprising maintained autonomy with the whole people for three years. This is a country and nation that rebelled against the largest empire in Asia, which is in its heyday. It is women who lead the uprising, which is the greatest glory of Vietnamese women. They are worthy of being the descendants of the legendary "immortal dragon" with noble quality; It is worthy of being praised by modern progressive mankind as an eagle soaring on the top of a mountain.
The country gained independence. However, the strength of the enemy and the enemy is very different.
After hearing the news of the uprising, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty called himself king, he went down to the swamp and ordered the counties in South China to build vehicles and boats, build roads and bridges, and reserve rations, ready to reoccupy our territory. In April of AD 42, the Han Dynasty named Ma Yuan, a veteran who had suppressed the Qiang uprising many times and whose hands were stained with the blood of Anhui farmers in China, as "General Fu Bo" and ordered him to lead 20,000 troops and 2,000 vehicles and boats to invade China. Ma Yuan's army cooperated with land and water, first concentrated in Hepu (Guangdong) and then entered Langbo (Xianshan, Hebei).
Kings and generals sent troops from Elk Cold to Langbo to attack the enemy. There, our army fought a fierce battle with the invading army. The king's army fought bravely, but was defeated because of its weak strength and forced to return to Jinxi (Anle County, Yongfu Province). Ma Yuan led a tail chase. After nearly a year of heroic resistance, our army finally failed because of its weak strength. Mrs. Erzheng returned to the drinking water door and jumped into the river. (In May of AD 43, according to folklore, Lady Erzheng was martyred on February 6th of the lunar calendar. Since ancient times, on February 6th every year, people in China have organized a rally to pay homage to two great minority women, Wei Ying, as a memorial. At this point, the anti-Japanese war led by Mrs. Erzheng has basically failed. But in many places, people and rebels continue to fight the enemy. General Du Yang is still active in Jiuzhen area.
It is said that the Saint fought against the enemy in the upper reaches (northern Vietnam). Mrs. Banan led a large army to defend the mountain pass. Mrs. Li Zhen blocked the river and attacked the enemy's water army. Although our army is weak, it is very brave in fighting. Soon after, Li Zhen, Sheng Tian and Mrs. Banan all committed suicide with Mrs. Erzheng.
In 43 AD, 165438+ 10, Ma Yuan hacked into nine towns (Anmo, Ningping Province) to suppress the rebels. The local leaders and the people of Jiuzhen continued to fight bravely. Ma Yuan killed hundreds of leaders and thousands of rebels. More than 300 leaders were captured and exiled to Lingling (Hunan Province). Our country once again lost its independence. -Because Fu Bo's general Ma Yuan left many prisoners and foot soldiers sent by China, there is a saying that China people are called "Liu Ma people".
On the one hand, as a vassal state of China, Vietnam basically maintained a stable supply, although the rise and fall of the central imperial power made the relationship between the two sides change from time to time. After the decline of the Han Dynasty, Sun Quan of the State of Wu managed South Vietnam effectively to a certain extent during the Three Kingdoms period. -Everyone can get in touch with Vietnam at that time by playing the game of Three Kingdoms, whether it is the Three Kingdoms series or the Three Kingdoms series. On the other hand, Vietnam has also been nurtured by advanced, powerful and rich China culture, which has made Vietnam's economy, politics, culture, industry and commerce develop and improve rapidly.
Until the end of the Tang Dynasty, in the Battle of Baiteng River, Wu Quan of Vietnam defeated China, and finally made Vietnam realize its desire for independence.
However, Vietnam's politics did not stabilize with independence, especially after Wu Quan's death, the country immediately fell into chaos. Until 1009, there were three great dynasties in Vietnam-Li Dynasty, Chen Dynasty and Post-Li Dynasty. Under the management of these three dynasties, Vietnam managed to maintain long-term stability for more than 700 years. During this period, although they were invaded by the Mongolian army and the Ming Dynasty, they were all repelled, thus creating many famous Vietnamese national heroes. Ruan Dynasty, after the Three Dynasties, once completed the great cause of reunification with the help of Thailand and France, but it also attracted the envy of outsiders.
Three. modern history
By the way: Vietnam boasts a lot, but an embarrassing reality for them is that their history is always inseparable from the word "China". If this word is deleted from their history books, Vietnamese history will become a piece of sand and there is no organic connection.
Vietnamese contact with the west began with Portuguese explorers in 15 16, and then the Netherlands and Britain tried to open the road to trade, but both failed. France, which sent troops to support Ruan Dynasty, was rejected for missionary work and trade, and was determined to invade by force. This old empire has been suffering from chronic diseases and has no time to respond to Vietnam's help and the invasion of new dignitaries. Even though the patriotic veteran General Feng Zicai led the Black Flag Army to defeat the French invaders in Zhennanguan (now called Munanguan, in Pingxiang City, Guangxi), the Manchu government still signed a treaty of humiliating the country. (This fiasco prompted the French Prime Minister to take the blame and resign. French newspapers called it "invincible", and China was naturally "unbeaten and defeated". ) 1885, Vietnam finally became a French colony, and the anti-colonial movement of the Vietnamese people began. 1930, with the assistance of the * * production international organization, Ho Chi Minh founded the Vietnamese * * production party in Hong Kong, and in 194 1 year, he founded the Vietnam Independent Alliance (referred to as the Viet Nam Alliance) in southern China, and actively carried out guerrilla warfare during the Second World War.
1945, the French army was disarmed by Japan, and Emperor Baoda of Vietnam declared independence, but the real power was in the hands of Japanese occupation forces. In August of the same year, Japan surrendered, the Viet Cong launched a great uprising to protect the emperor and abdicate, and Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam's independence again. After the end of World War II, Britain, which was responsible for disarming the Japanese army in southern Vietnam, unexpectedly supported the French to make a comeback, and the first Indo-zhina War broke out (1946- 1954). Finally, the French army was defeated in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, and the French army completely retreated from Vietnam.
Focus on the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, which was the decisive victory of Vietnam's anti-French war after World War II. 1954 On March 13, the Vietnamese People's Army, with the support of the people of China, launched a fierce attack on Dien Bien Phu. On May 7th, Dien Bien Phu was liberated,16,000 people were on the defensive, and the French commander Dai was captured alive. This campaign was the first time that the Vietnamese army fought a tough battle under the planning of China's advisory group. The victory of Dien Bien Phu accelerated the war process and was of great significance to the signing of the India-Japan armistice agreement. Four leaders of the advisory group: Mei Jiasheng, Deng Yifan, Luo Guibo and Wei Guoqing. Due to a series of telegrams by Wei Guoqing and the reply of the Central Military Commission, China's military advisers tend to think that Wei Guoqing played a decisive role in changing Dien Bien Fu's battle plan when reviewing history. Vietnamese army cadres believe that Wu Yuanjia must have taken the initiative in this matter and made great contributions. But they didn't know the telegram from China's military advisory group. Half a century later, with the decryption of historical files one by one, the memoirs of the parties came out one after another. According to the comprehensive research, around1954 65438+1October 20th, Wu Yuanjia and Wei Guoqing's determination was changing. Almost at the same time, they made a judgment: the initial action should be changed from "quick victory" to "slow and steady progress". With the joint efforts of China and Vietnam, the Vietnamese People's Army creatively dismantled the artillery and transported it to the mountainous area where the French army thought it was impossible to shell, which completely disintegrated the morale of the French army. In this decisive battle, China's strategy and command level left a deep impression on Viet Nam!
The Geneva Agreement temporarily divided Vietnam into two parts, north latitude 17 degrees as the dividing line, with the north being controlled by Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh and the south being Vietnam with President Wu Tingyan.
After the partition of North and South Vietnam, the North Vietnamese Production Party sneaked into the south to carry out propaganda and guerrilla warfare, which led to the intervention of the United States, thus triggering the second Vietnam War (1965- 1975), which was a famous Vietnam War in history. In this war, China sent general Chen Geng, a strategist and revolutionary, as the head of China's military advisory group, and sent a large number of "engineers" to help. The Vietnamese Army formed by the whole division was replaced with brand-new China equipment, and the latest military radar, firearms and other military materials were given free assistance. China withheld his own rations and supplied Vietnam with large quantities. Later, when China and Vietnam were hostile, the sandbags on Vietnamese fortifications were printed with the scarlet letter "China Rice"! According to statistics afterwards, China's aid to Vietnam is equivalent to $40 billion! With the strong support of China and the Soviet Union, the United States has tied its hands and feet. In the end, it is impossible to transform the huge advantage in the air into the ground advantage and all-round advantage. Under the strong domestic pressure and heavy casualties on both sides, anti-war slogans were everywhere in the United States from 1968, forcing the United States and North Vietnam to hold preliminary peace talks. Later, it was determined that the civil war was an internal affair of Vietnam, so the two sides signed an armistice agreement at 1973 and the US troops withdrew from Vietnam. 1975, the government of South Vietnam collapsed, and communist party of North Vietnam completely liberated Vietnam. 1July 2, 976, North and South Vietnam were formally unified and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was established, with Hanoi as the capital. After reunification, on the one hand, Vietnam recovered its vitality, on the other hand, it was subject to economic sanctions imposed by the United States embargo. Vietnam is almost blocked in its own utopia, leading to economic ruin and poverty.
After Sino-Soviet friendship, it happened that a new generation of Vietnamese leader Du?n came to power. Between the powerful Soviet Union and China, which was still weak at that time, Vietnamese leaders chose to fully embrace the big brother of the Soviet Union. With the support of the Soviet Union, it constantly provoked border conflicts, and finally the Sino-Vietnamese border war broke out in 1978. In the war of 10 years, despite the support of the Soviet Union, with the decline of Big Brother, it finally collapsed. China dumped all the unprocessed shells that had been hoarded for 20 years after the war in a tiny place with a territory smaller than that of Yunnan Province, China. Basically, when China took turns to use Vietnam as a training ground, the Vietnamese people and the domestic economy fell into a terrible quagmire of war and finally had no choice but to make peace. -It is rumored that Comrade Du?n (also known as Comrade, of course) is called Comrade in the Party, and Comrade and Brother! ) After the war, I went to lang son and saw craters all over the mountain. I was livid and said nothing.
1987, in order to conform to the world trend, Vietnam opened its doors to improve its relations with the free world, while China, Taiwan Province Province and Vietnam officially opened air services in 1992. Today, Taiwanese businessmen have jumped to the top of foreign investment in Vietnam, and tourists are on the way. 1In February 1993, the United States officially lifted its embargo on Vietnam.1In June 1994, the United States and Vietnam announced the resumption of diplomatic relations. Western developed countries have got rid of the shackles of economic sanctions imposed by the United States on Vietnam, and Vietnam has become an economic stage for countries to compete with each other.
After the smooth recovery of Sino-Vietnamese relations, China gradually increased its investment in Vietnam, and with the end of border negotiations, the relations between the two countries entered a new stage. At present, Chinese mainland, China, Taiwan Province Province, China and Hongkong, China have become important sources of foreign investment in Vietnam-specific negotiations and disputes left over refer to the previous humble opinion and have been omitted. It is said that Taiwan Province compatriots are the best: when recruiting in Vietnam, ask directly, "Do you know Mandarin? Don't recruit if you don't understand Mandarin. "
References: 1977 published history of Vietnam.