[China Bow]
Ancient archery equipment. Originated from primitive society, crossbows were made of rope at first, but later on, the production technology has developed, and there are strict regulations on material selection, ingredients and production procedures. The original bow-making material was a single material, made of bamboo and wood, and later developed into a composite material, generally consisting of animal horns, tendons, bamboo, silk, paint, glue and so on. There are many kinds of bows, such as Wang Bow, Arc Bow, Clip Bow, Geng Bow, Tang Bow and Big Bow in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The king bow and arc bow are used for guarding the city and fighting cars; Clip bows and waste bows are used to hunt birds and birds. Han dynasty is divided into tiger bow, carved bow, horn bow, road bow and Xinjiang bow. In the Tang Dynasty, there were four kinds of bows: long bow, angular bow, micro bow and lattice bow. Infantry use long bows, angle archers use them, and imperial guards use light bows and lattice bows.
[longbow]
Medieval English bow and arrow. /kloc-in the 0/3rd century, Britain vigorously developed its bow and arrow forces, changed its bow and arrow tools, and gradually replaced crossbows with longbows. The longbow was made of elm, stick and basil, and later it was mainly made of Chinese fir. The best Chinese fir is not produced in Britain, but imported from Italy and Spain. The length of the longbow is 6 feet and the length of the arrow is 3 feet. The middle of the bow is 1_5 inches wide and tapers to both ends. The ends of the bow are inlaid with horns. The front of the bow is round and the back is flat. The range of the longbow is twice that of the crossbow (up to 400 yards, the effective range is close to 250 yards), and the archery speed is much higher (from 10 to 12 arrows per minute). In the hands of skilled British soldiers, the hit rate of longbow is much higher than that of crossbow. It is lighter, easier to master and suitable for skirmisher shooting or volley. At that time, it was the most effective and versatile individual weapon on the battlefield. The disadvantage of longbow is that it is excellent and requires high technology, and it must be mastered by archers who have been trained for a long time.
[Ancient Egyptian Bow and Arrow]
The bow of ancient Egypt is relatively sophisticated in the ancient history of the world. During the New Kingdom, Egypt's bows were usually made of logs. The length is 5-5_5 feet, the middle is thick and the two ends are tapered. There are also bows made of composite materials, in which antelope horn pieces are embedded and covered with a layer of tendons, and various composite parts are tightly wrapped around the wooden bow with palm skin. The compound bow is powerful and has a long range, but it is not easy to open. The length of the shaft varies from 22 to 34 inches. The shaft is made of wooden sticks, reeds and metal arrows, and usually has three feathers as the tail.
[Assyrian bow and arrow]
Assyrian bowstring is generally shorter than Egyptian bow, and the longest is about 4 feet. Bows are made of wood, and Assyrian bows are divided into angular bows and curved bows. The whole horn bow is as thick as a person, and the bow is required to be thinner at both ends and smaller when viewed from the stick. It is also used less. Both bows have buttons at both ends (later carved into duck heads), and grooves are carved near the buttons to hang the bowstring. The bow can be carried on the stubble or put in the bow sheath. The Assyrian arrow shaft is straight and thin, made of reeds or light wood. Arrows are made of bronze or iron. The arrow is diamond-shaped and flat. There are raised lines on the arrow to increase strength, and holes are embedded in the shaft at the lower end. The tail of the arrow has two feather wings, and the end of the arrow has a groove, so it can be worn on the bowstring.
[Ancient Indian Bow and Arrow]
Among the excavated archaeological materials, bronze arrows from the Indus civilization period (about 2300 BC-BC 1750 BC) were found. Obstruction arrow is a weapon commonly used by various arms and services in ancient India. Typical Indian bows and arrows are recorded in detail in the Analogy of Arrows in China-Arab Sutra: the materials of bows are rot, mulberry and steel. Horn and bow are made of beef tendon and camphor deer tendon _ silk, and bowstring is made of tendon, silk, silk and hemp; The arrow is wrapped with beef tendon and camphor deer tendon _ silk; Arrow feathers are floating feathers, carved crossbow hair and crane hair; The pith of the arrow is a pregnant spear and a plating knife; The colors of the bow are black, purple, red and yellow. According to historical records, when the Persian king resisted Alexander's invasion (about the seventh century BC). The bow of the Indian ambassador period was made according to the height of the user. The bow is very hard. When pulling a bow, one end needs to be supported on the ground, the left pedal is male, and the hand should be wide. This arrow is three cubits longer than the one that was shot. This kind of bow and arrow is very penetrating. At that time, ordinary shields and armor could penetrate. According to "On Politics", the bow names of the new peacock dynasty are: inviting Rama to invite, bridging Tanto, Chuna and so on. They are made of brown shelves, bamboo, wood or horns. Bowstring is made of rattan fiber, bamboo fiber and sheep intestine. Arrows include bamboo arrows, wooden arrows and iron arrows. Arrows are made of iron, bone and wood, and have the functions of stabbing, cutting and hitting.
[iron tire arch]
In ancient times, there was a kind of bow with iron as the mold (tire actually means mold, which was misrepresented as a bow made of iron, which was a big mistake), and bamboo threads were glued layer by layer with bio-glue. The process is complicated, but the material cost is not high, and the power can be comparable to that of angle bow.
[slingshot]
A bow that fires projectiles. Slingshot appeared before archery crossbow, which was originally used as a hunting tool and later used in combat. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were also slingshots as hidden weapons's. The slingshot has little elasticity, and the bow grease is mostly made of bamboo, which is wrapped with beef tendon and lined with ox horn, and the strong bow is lined with steel sheet to increase elasticity. Bow string silk is also made of silk split with beef tendon, mixed with human hair and miscellaneous silk. It takes four forces to open a strong bow late. An ordinary bow has two and a half forces. If a strong bow shoots a projectile, it will kill the man. The bow is about 18 fists long. If the fist is 2 inches wide and the bow is 3.6 feet long. Generally, pellets are made of clay and micelle, and can be used when they are dry to the extreme. And steel balls. Mechanical catapult Crossbow is developed from bow, which is to fix a strong bow on a wooden bar (or metal bar) with an arrow slot and a launcher. After the bowstring is pulled out, it is magnetically fixed by the launcher, and the arrow is put into the slot, and the bowstring is connected with the tail of the arrow. When you lose your hair, start the transmitter, and the arrow will shoot along the arrow slot. Some crossbows can also fire stone bullets and inlaid bullets. So crossbows can be divided into arrow crossbows and elastic crossbows. The fundamental difference between a crossbow and a bow is that the crossbow has a time delay structure, and it is not necessary to aim with the bow at the same time. You can use arms, feet, waist, machinery and other means to lead the bow, aim calmly and wait for an opportunity to launch. The arrows fired by crossbows have long shooting range, high precision and strong penetration. But the launching speed is lower than the bow and heavier than the bow. The earliest crossbows appeared in ancient Greece and China during the Warring States Period. Later, it spread to almost all major military countries and remained in use until the modern period of large-scale use of firearms. The quality and types of crossbows are constantly developing, and there are many kinds, such as continuous crossbows, self-firing crossbows and rocket crossbows. After the appearance of modern shooting firearms, crossbows were gradually eliminated, but because of their silence and other characteristics, they still occupy a place in special police and troops.
[crossbow]
It is the name of China crossbow in the west. China used crossbows at the latest during the Warring States Period, and the famous army led by Pang Juan was ambushed by Sun Bin's crossbow array, and the whole army was wiped out. It was the European Crusaders who spread the reputation of crossbows to the western world. In more than two centuries of the Crusades, the most important weapon improvement was the crossbow. Crossbow is the most effective knight killer in medieval Europe. Compared with ordinary bows, crossbows are simple to use and low in cost, but their lethality is greatly increased. Longer range and stronger penetration. At the beginning of the European continent's popularity, the knight's chain mail almost completely failed, which promoted the development of hard armor. Archers can also launch long-range attacks and sneak attacks from behind walls, bushes or other bunkers, so some western archaeologists have pushed the origin of snipers forward for hundreds of years.
With a crossbow, a farmer can kill a knight with heavy armor in just a few hours' practice, which is unfair to the knight who started training at the age of 7 and won the title after 14 years of tempering. Therefore, European knights have repeatedly asked the church to ban the use of this weapon.
[China crossbow]
The earliest crossbow found in China is the one unearthed in Luoyang, Henan Province in the middle of the Warring States Period, which has wooden crossbow arms and bronze books and vanadium. Rose waist crossbow in han dynasty. Crossbow, crossbow. The basic structure of crossbow is composed of crossbow, string, crossbow arm and crossbow machine. A crossbow string is similar to an ordinary bow. But stronger. The crossbow arm is made of hardwood and engraved with grooves. The hole and crossbow are fixed at the front end, and there is a longitudinal slot in the middle to place the arrow, and the crossbow machine is installed at the back. The crossbow hunger is the control mechanism of launching. Hall 1 is composed of soldiers, knives and cows. Tooth, also known as machine hook, hooks crossbow strings according to "explaining the name and releasing the soldiers". Hanging knife, also known as machine dial, is the trigger for beating hair. Cattle, also known as cushion machine. When stretching the crossbow, use it to hook the teeth of the knife. When the crossbow is fired, the knife is hung and the cow is loosened. The hooked crossbow string suddenly opened and shot the crossbow. The upright part of the bud has a Zhaomen-Wangshan. Used for aiming, crossbow machines are combined and packed in a box called a book. In China, crossbows were first used for hunting, used in wars around the Spring and Autumn Period, and prevailed in Han, Jin and Tang Dynasties. There are many kinds of crossbows in each generation. The performance is not consistent. For example, during the Warring States period, there were crossbows, phlegm crossbows, Tang crossbows and big crossbows; In Tang Dynasty, crossbows were divided into arm crossbows, angle crossbows, wooden crossbows, big crossbows, bamboo poles and bamboo poles. Big bamboo pole crossbow, Fuyuan crossbow, etc.
[Arm crossbow]
A crossbow that only relies on human arm strength to draw a bow and shoot an arrow.
[with a crossbow]
A crossbow that pulls the bow with the strength of the arm, foot or knee at the same time. There are two ways to draw crossbows; One is the foot crossbow, which is used for strong crossbows; One is a crossbow above the knee, which is used for weak crossbows.
[waist crossbow]
A crossbow that uses the strength of arms, feet and waist to pull the bow in a sitting position. When in use, sit flat on the ground and put the crossbow flat in front of you. Put your thumb in the left and right soles of your feet, then split the crossbow, pry open the waist hook and hook the crossbow string. Pull the waist hook rope with both hands and push the sole forward. When the fission body falls back, push it hard together, and the machine will lift itself and hang on the vanadium structure.
[crossbow]
Through the mechanical mechanism, the crossbow is automatically loaded. It appeared at the end of the Warring States period. It is recorded in Mozi _ Gaobeilin that the crossbow designed for guarding the city is very powerful, and it takes ten people to push the winch to completely tighten the string. The arrow used for crossbows is ten feet long, and the tail of the arrow is tied with a rope. After shooting, it can be restored by electroplating protection. This heavy crossbow is mainly used to shoot the guard weapon of the enemy outside the city.
"Six Rice _ Tiger Rice _ Military Section" mentioned all kinds of crossbows needed to organize the corps of ten thousand people's congresses. In the name, there is the so-called "Wuyi big spear and halberd supporting Xu" (large two-wheeled crossbow, equipped with a 25-person infantry detachment. ), "Raise the wing, paddle and help Xu" (single-wheeled small crossbow car, accompanied by two or three people), "Sichuan Army can join the crossbow car to help Xu" (even the crossbow car with the battle flag, accompanied by 25 people), "spear and halberd paddle" (guarding the camp, bringing their own crossbows, cooperating with ropes in the camp, refusing horses and other obstacles, and shooters and melee infantry are responsible. Judging from the name, shape and distribution quantity, the tactical position of this siege crossbow equipment in ancient times is similar to that of today's heavy machine guns and heavy artillery. The troops formed an organized battle around these heavy equipment, and other infantry units advanced and retreated with the battle. In addition to this heavy equipment, the 10,000-strong army is also equipped with a "strong crossbow of 6,000", forming a powerful shooting firepower.
After the Han Dynasty, the crossbow was improved, and Zhuge Liang invented the Rong Yuan crossbow with one arm and ten arrows. "Qing Louis" records that during the Jin Dynasty, there was a crossbow called Keelung Car, with one crossbow and twelve small engines. With big arrows, there is no distance. Small crossbows that can fight infantry have existed for a long time, but for the sake of reliable automatic mechanism, the tension of this crossbow cannot be designed to be very large. In fact, what is more popular among the people is self-defense rather than military use. "The house is a hindrance to theft, not a military weapon." However, we can still see the big crossbows on the warships of the Ming army on the picture scroll reflecting the anti-Japanese war in Ming Dynasty.
[Back crossbow]
The crossbow, also known as the crossbow, has a tight back and a low head. The crossbow is tied horizontally on the back, and two ropes are put on the back. The other rope is connected to the waist from the crossbow machine, and the outlet of the crossbow back is upward. When you get cold feet, the arrow is on the crossbow and the string is on the crossbow machine. When launching, the crossbow raises its head, pulls down the rope tied to its waist, triggers the crossbow machine, and the arrow is shot from the back of its neck. The bow is about 8 inches long and the arrow is about 2 inches long. This kind of crossbow was often used in the Song Dynasty.
[nitrate crossbow]
A hidden crossbow. The smaller one is installed in the stirrup, and the hair is pushed out. There is a rope on the back of the crossbow, which is tied under the pedal of the horse, and then tied to the bow with two ropes, one end of which is tied to the earrings of the pedal of the horse, the crossbow mouth is forward, the crossbow machine is behind, the crossbow machine is tied with a rope, and the other end is tied to the rider's foot cavity. When you need to launch in battle, if you pedal with your foot, you will pull the rope to release the machine, and the arrow will shoot from your foot, which can hurt the enemy horse.
[Sleeve gun]
A hidden crossbow. Its form is similar to a crossbow. A crossbow is added to the bow, which is equipped with a mechanism and hidden in a big sleeve. When you dial the machine, you can hit the enemy one hundred times.
[Fu Nu]
In ancient times, crossbows were preset to be triggered by enemies, also known as nest-ploughing crossbows. Fu Nu is basically the same as the ordinary crossbow in form, except that a trigger device is added. When placing, fasten the string, lengthen the crossbow, and put it on the enemy's only way to cover it. The crossbow machine is tied with a long line, and the other end is tied to a short wooden stake across the road. A long line hung across the road. When the enemy passes, his feet touch the long line, which affects the dialing of the machine and kills the enemy with crossbows. After the invention of gunpowder-driven mines and time bombs, the military function of the nest bow became limited. However, folks kill large animals with nest bows and arrows. Tiangong records that "the mountain man who shoots the beast is called the nest crossbow, which sets the way of intersection and leads the plane." Once the beast passed by, he fired it with his head. You only got a beast with one shot. " The principle of many large ejection devices is related to the bow, which can be regarded as an enlarged version of the ordinary bow. This kind of crossbow is usually used to attack and defend the city, and some also fight against chariots.
[repeater]
Large crossbows can be installed in fortresses, castles, docks and enemy buildings, and can shoot everywhere. "Mozi _ Beixue" records that this crossbow is installed on the crossbow bed and buried underground (or on the city butterfly). It is six feet long and can shoot crossbows everywhere. This relic was unearthed in three sites, namely, Jiaxu Zinc Pass, Jiaxu No.4 Tunnel and Xiaoshui Jinguan Pass in Juyan, and consists of two horizontal squares. It is shaped like II, with a circular shaft in the center and an inclined hole with high inside and low outside, which can rotate left and right with a rotation angle of 120 degrees. Build by laying bricks or stones on the butterfly at the top of the dock, and put the crossbow in the middle, so that it can rotate outward and left. And the enemy's arrow is difficult to shoot. Its shape and function are similar to a shooting tower.
[bed crossbow]
A crossbow mounted on a bedstead. Bed crossbows appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. The crossbow is very powerful. The crossbow is twisted by round uranium and noose, and the crossbow body is installed on the wooden frame to increase stability. The arrows used in the bed crossbow are picturesque in width and clustered like giant axes, and the range can reach 500, r 1000 steps. According to the general theory of Wu Jing, there are six kinds of military bed crossbows in the Northern Song Dynasty: three-bow bed crossbows, also known as eight-ox crossbows, seven-man chisels arrows, 150 steps; Small cicada crossbow, developed by 7 people, sends a big chisel arrow and shoots 140 steps. Swing the crossbow, 4 people develop, send a small chisel arrow and shoot 150 steps; Hand crossbow, developed by 20 people, shooting one arrow and shooting 250 steps; Three crossbows, developed by 70 people, fired one shot, three swords and three arrows, and shot 300 steps; The third crossbow, developed by 30 people, shoots arrows and shoots 200 steps. These large bed crossbows are mostly used in offensive and defensive warfare.
[Kata pritt crossbow]
Archer crossbow with frame in ancient Greece. The load is about 1_5 kg, the average range is 300-400 meters, and the most effective range is 75- 150 meters. The length of the arrow used is 44- 185 cm, generally 66 cm.
[Pohris Le]
An arrow crossbow in ancient Greece. It has a mechanical device that can automatically install new arrows after they are shot.
[crossbow machine]
A crossbow used in ancient Rome to fire javelins. This crossbow has a bracket and can be fixed to the ground. The string is very thick and can shoot a 2-meter-long javelin, which is very powerful.