The scientific classification of moral historical types is helpful to comprehensively investigate the historical development process of morality and reveal the basic characteristics and development laws of morality in each stage.
1, primitive social morality
Primitive social morality refers to social morality adapted to the economy and culture of primitive society. A type of moral history. It is the earliest moral type in human history. In primitive society, the productivity is low, the means of production are public, everyone works, and there is no exploitation and oppression. The resulting moral characteristics are:
It is a sacred obligation to safeguard the common interests of clans and tribes; Freedom, equality, unity and mutual assistance among all members; Simple and poor moral concepts; The scope of moral regulation is very narrow, mainly through customs, taboos, traditions and religious ceremonies.
Among them, customs and habits are the main force to maintain the existence and development of primitive society. Primitive social morality has two conditions, one is pure, beautiful and noble, and the other is negative, such as blood clan marriage, clan revenge and cannibalism.
2. Morality of slave society
Morality in slave society is a type of moral history. Social morality adapted to the economy and culture of slave society. For the first time, human society is composed of opposites. Slave society is the first class society of mankind: the slave owner class and slave class are two opposing classes; In addition, there are contradictions and struggles among slave owners, nobles and civilians, resulting in opposing moral systems.
Among them, the class morality of slave owners is the dominant morality, which is characterized by maintaining the personal attachment of slaves to slave owners, protecting the private property of slave owners, advocating hierarchical system and subordinating men to women. Slave class morality mainly focuses on resisting inhuman abuse and striving for personal freedom and liberation.
The confrontation and struggle between these two kinds of morality is the main part of the overall morality of slave society. At the same time, the moral opposition between civilians and nobles is also a moral aspect of the contradiction in slave society. Civilian morality praises labor to a certain extent, and opposes the plunder of nobles and the hierarchical rule of nobles. The thinkers of the slave owner class demonstrated the filial piety of the class, put forward many moral categories, propositions and viewpoints, and established an ethical ideological system to regulate economic, political and moral life.
Generally speaking, the morality of slave society embodies the development of productive forces and the righteousness of human beings. The basic wood has eradicated the barbaric social bad habits such as killing prisoners, eating people and group marriage in primitive society, and embodies the moral ideal and practice of moral historical progress, especially the struggle of slave class for freedom and liberation, which is of great progressive significance.
3. Feudal social morality
Feudal social morality is one of the historical types of morality. Social morality adapted to feudal society, economy and culture. In feudal society, there were two opposing classes. The landlord class occupied most of the land and means of production and exploited the labor of the peasant class in the form of land rent. In terms of moral relations, there is a feudal and strict patriarchal hierarchy.
The moral characteristics of the feudal society thus formed are: maintaining the patriarchal hierarchy and its privileges; Standardize and mystify morality with the help of patriarchal ethics or church; The function of moral regulation has been further strengthened. In feudal society, the morality of the landlord class dominated. On the one hand, it regulates the relationship between class members; On the other hand, it is used to deceive and paralyze the peasant class and make it obedient slaves.
On the contrary, the morality of the peasant class respects the dignity and value of workers, constantly strives for individual independence, and advocates virtues such as thrift.
4. Capitalist social morality
Capitalist social morality refers to one of the historical types of morality. Social morality adapted to the economy and culture of capitalist society. In capitalist society, private ownership of the means of production is practiced, and the bourgeoisie occupies all the means of production and exploits proletarian labor in the form of surplus value; The proletariat has nothing but its own labor force. In this way, two opposing moral systems, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, are formed.
The moral characteristics of capitalist society are: advocating individualism, egoism and money worship, intensifying internal moral contradictions, weakening moral regulation function and intensifying moral crisis. With the final elimination of private ownership, bourgeois morality will decline day by day, and proletarian morality will continue to develop and improve, eventually replacing bourgeois morality and occupying a dominant position in social life.
5. Communist morality
Communist morality is the highest moral type in human history. It is essentially different from all exploiting class morality and other class morality. 1920, Lenin put forward the word "communist morality" for the first time in the task of the youth league, and discussed its characteristics and social functions, pointing out that "striving to consolidate and complete the communist cause is the basis of communist morality".
It "serves the human society to rise to a higher level and get rid of the exploitation of labor" (Complete Works of Lenin, Volume 39, pp. 30 1 and 306). Since then, this term has been widely used in the international communist movement. As a new moral history, communist morality has a process of emergence, formation and development.
It germinated among the proletariat in capitalist society, and came into being in the revolutionary practice of the proletariat and the broad masses of working people against the bourgeoisie, and gradually formed a scientific system under the guidance of Marxism and proletarian political parties. It is an organic part of the communist ideology, and its development can be roughly divided into three stages.
Extended data
Social moral content
Collectivism, as the principle of citizen's moral construction, is the inevitable requirement of socialist economic, political and cultural construction. In socialist society, the people are masters of their own affairs, and the interests of the state, the collective and the individual are basically the same, which makes collectivism an important principle to adjust the relationship between the three interests.
It is necessary to infiltrate the spirit of collectivism into all levels of social production and life, guide people to correctly understand and handle the interests of the state, the collective and the individual, advocate that individual interests are subordinate to collective interests, local interests are subordinate to overall interests, current interests are subordinate to long-term interests, oppose small collectivism, self-interest and self-interest, and integrate personal ideals and struggles into the common ideals and struggles of the broad masses of the people.
Love for the motherland, people, labor, science and socialism, as the basic requirements of citizens' moral construction, are the legal obligations and moral responsibilities that every citizen should bear. These basic requirements must be integrated into specific moral norms and run through the whole process of citizen moral construction.
Guide people to carry forward the spirit of patriotism, improve national self-esteem, self-confidence and pride, take loving the motherland and serving the people as the greatest glory, and damaging the interests of the motherland and national dignity as the greatest shame, advocate learning scientific knowledge, scientific ideas, scientific spirit and scientific methods, work hard, oppose feudal superstition, relax and hate labor, and actively devote themselves to the great cause of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Social morality is a code of conduct that all citizens should follow in social communication and public life, covering the relationship between people, people and society, and people and nature. In modern society, the field of public life is constantly expanding, and people communicate more frequently. Social morality plays a more prominent role in safeguarding public interests, public order and social stability, and has become an important embodiment of citizens' personal moral cultivation and social civilization.
Vigorously advocate the social morality of being polite, helping others, caring for public property, protecting the environment and obeying the law, and encourage people to be good citizens of society.
Professional ethics is the code of conduct that all employees should follow in their professional activities, covering the relationship between employees and customers, occupations and employees, and occupations and occupations. With the development of modern social division of labor and the enhancement of specialization, the market competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and the whole society has higher and higher requirements for employees' professional concepts, attitudes, skills, discipline and style.
Vigorously advocate professional ethics with dedication, honesty and trustworthiness, fairness and justice, serving the masses and contributing to society as the main content, and encourage people to be good builders in their work.
Family virtue is a code of conduct that every citizen should follow in family life, covering the relationship between husband and wife, the relationship between young and old, and the relationship between neighbors. Family life is closely related to social life. Correctly treating and dealing with family problems, and jointly cultivating and developing the love of husband and wife, the affection of young and old, and the friendship of neighbors are not only related to the happiness of each family, but also conducive to social stability and harmony.
Vigorously advocate family virtues with respect for the elderly and love for the young, equality between men and women, harmony between husband and wife, diligence and housekeeping, and neighborhood unity as the main contents, and encourage people to be good members in the family.