Today, it seems that this "open plan" is basically successful. Apart from several IT "antiques" such as IBM and Hewlett-Packard, which are still in their prime, the IT industry famous for its high technology is basically the territory of these "low-diploma" heroes.
However, it is gratifying that some companies founded by highly educated people have also "seized" some sites, among which Cisco, founded by two Stanford teachers, is the most beautiful. In 2000, Cisco became the most valuable enterprise in the world with an astonishing figure of $532 billion (in the last 20 years, only Microsoft and Cisco have reached the highest peak in the world).
Of course, things quickly got worse. Because Cisco does not mention * * * products to mass consumers, Cisco is a strange company outside the industry: we know the rise of Cisco's stock, but we don't know its ins and outs; We know that Cisco sued Huawei with intellectual property weapons, but we don't know why Cisco has its own intellectual property rights. We know that Chambers is the helmsman of Cisco Navigation, but we don't know morrissey, the founder and chairman of the company. We know the news of Cisco's recent painful layoffs, but we don't know the great pain of Chambers breaking his oath of "never laying off employees".
Yes, when it comes to history, Cisco can't compare with IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Oracle and so on. When it comes to culture, Cisco can't compare with Apple and Hewlett-Packard. However, Cisco is indeed the God of Wealth in Silicon Valley, the embodiment of the peak of the Internet and the symbol of the new economy. Cisco represents the glory of the Internet in 10 and the glory of Silicon Valley in 10.
Let's go into the depths of Cisco's history, listen to its progress more truly and grasp its beating pulse. Cisco, a company founded in 1984, has the same market value as the blue giant IBM.
Cisco's stock is one of the hottest stocks in the past 10 years. Since 1990 went public, its value has increased by more than 100 times. The company's market value once surpassed Microsoft and Intel and became the world's number one.
From 65438 to 0995, Cisco became the largest network equipment manufacturer in the world. In 2000, Cisco's annual sales reached $65.438+08 billion, with 36.5438+million employees, and its market value reached $444 billion, second only to GE's $505 billion and Intel's $446 billion, and also surpassed Microsoft's $358 billion for the first time.
March 27th, 2000 is a historic moment. Cisco's total market value reached $555 billion, once surpassing Microsoft to become the company with the highest market value in the United States, although it took a short time to reach the top of the world. However, for this moment, it took Microsoft nearly 25 years to climb to its present position, while Cisco only took 16 years.
Cisco is one of the most successful companies in America. Since the first router was produced in 1986, Cisco has occupied the first or second market share in every field it entered and become the market leader.
Since the listing of 1990, Cisco's annual revenue has increased from $69 million to $22.29 billion in the fiscal year of 200/kloc-0. The company has more than 36,000 employees worldwide.
Cisco is addicted to mergers and acquisitions. Since 1993 acquired Crescendo, it took Cisco less than ten years to acquire 8 1 companies, and no company has been so successful in merger and acquisition. 1984, leonard bosack and Sandy Lerner founded Cisco in San Jose, Silicon Valley. They are a teacher couple in Stanford.
Posack is the director of the Computer Center of the Computer Department of Stanford University, and Lerner is the director of the Computer Center of Stanford Business School. The marriage of two computer executives is also a story.
Of course, more importantly, they designed a new networking device for the Stanford Campus Network (SUNet), which integrated incompatible computer LANs on campus to form a unified network. This kind of equipment is called "multi-protocol router", which indicates the real arrival of the network era.
These routers were developed in the late 1970s, and the couple planned to start their own company and commercialize it. Therefore, there is an intellectual property dispute between the couple and Stanford University. After all, these products are "job inventions" and universities have intellectual property rights.
Fortunately, Stanford University did not adopt the traditional rigid attitude in intellectual property rights, but was lenient and did not investigate further (of course, it also charged a certain patent fee). Today, it seems that it was wise for the school not to "kill the goose to get the egg".
Otherwise, there would not be today's network equipment overlord, and there would not be astronomical donations from Posack and Lerner. Open Stanford has gained a huge "return on investment" by giving up intellectual property rights. After getting rich, the couple also thanked the school and tried their best to give back to their alma mater.
Both husband and wife are smart, diligent and, of course, lucky. They seized an excellent opportunity at the right time. 1March 1986, the first product was finally launched.
These routers have become the cornerstone of the company's road to prosperity. It is these routers that pieced together different networks in the world and formed today's huge Internet.
Cisco is named after San Francisco, where there is a world-famous Golden Gate Bridge. In the information age, Cisco will be more famous because of the unimpeded "golden bridge" between networks built by Cisco. The couple 1990 quit Cisco.
Another important figure who created the miracle of Cisco is John Mlich. Morrissey joined Cisco on 1988 as CEO and President.
During his tenure as CEO, he turned a company with an annual income of only $5 million into a giant of $ 654.38+0.995, from a small company with only 34 employees to a large company with 2,260 employees. 1990 successfully listed on Cisco.
Morrissey has been the chairman of Cisco's board of directors since 1995. Morrissey grew up in Wawatosa, Wisconsin, and his parents were teachers, so he had a lifelong passion for school and thought that education was a "channel of mastery".
Second, IICE certificate, Cisco books CCIE has many books, mainly including the first and second volumes of TCP/IP protocol, OSPF, BGP-4, IP routing analysis and IP service quality. MPLSCCIE talks about comprehensive ability, experiment and real machine operation, so I personally think that reading books is not enough, so it is better to sign up for a remedial class. The validity of CCIE certification means that you have passed CCIE certification and obtained a certificate. The certificate is valid for 2 years. Re-certification is required after 2 years. As long as the Cisco exam is not revised, the content of the exam will remain unchanged.
Well, Wolff is really strong and is responsible for obtaining the certificate. As long as you sign up, you are guaranteed to pass. But you didn't just learn this to get a certificate. The most important thing is to learn something. After all, after work, the company still looks at your actual operation ability, not your certificate.
The written test can be taken in the test center authorized by Cisco, and the experiment can only be taken in Beijing and Hong Kong. I don't know if there is one in Shanghai,
Three. A Book Introducing British History (79 yuan) Compiled by Zhong Annotation (UK) Press Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press Page 899 Publication Date 2007 Content Introduction "Oxford History of Britain" introduces the history of Britain and its people from 55 BC to 2000, spanning more than 2,000 years.
The editor-in-chief of this book, Kenh O. Man, is a famous British historian, and this book is also an authority on British history. Professor Zhong from Beijing Foreign Studies University made notes on the difficulties in this book, which made it easier for readers to understand.
This book is suitable for graduate students, teachers and other readers interested in British history, and can also be used as a teaching material for British social and cultural courses. General History of Great Britain/General History of Great Powers (39 yuan) by Qian Chengdan Publishing House, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Publishing House, page 378, 2007 edition 1 edition Introduction This book is a volume of General History of Great Powers, with complete system, clear context and vivid narration; It embodies the author's long-term experience in managing history and reflects the new achievements of academic circles at home and abroad; This paper expounds the road to prosperity in Britain and looks forward to the successful course of its modernization. It reveals the endowment and creativity of the British nation and shows the modern civilization it has created; The author's words after each chapter link history with reality, which is far-reaching and enlightening.
Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (48 yuan) Author (English) Marshall Translator Fan Xinzhi Edited by P.J. Marshall Publishing House World Knowledge Publishing House Page 394 Publication Date 2004 Edition 2004-08-0 1 Content Introduction Until World War II and beyond, Great Britain was a vast empire. Regarding the past of the British Empire, the attitude of modern civilization is either to miss the power of the British Empire or to hate the abuse of power.
Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire abandons both of them, aiming at providing a new understanding of the history of the British Empire, which is very valuable for people to correctly evaluate the contemporary world. This book is equipped with a large number of exquisite and precious pictures that I met with readers for the first time. 1 1 Top experts contributed to this book.
The colonial experience of the British Empire in North America, India, Africa, Australia and the Caribbean and the influence of the British Empire on Great Britain itself were comprehensively reviewed. This book focuses on the social and cultural history, including slavery, trade, religion, art, transportation and ideological evolution.
How did Great Britain rule their empire? Who got the economic benefits from the empire? Who will suffer from this? Readers will get the answer in this book, which is the only book that comprehensively discloses the historical data of the British Empire. Directly and responsibly solve the controversial topics in the world, the historical condensation of the territory of the British Empire, more detailed anatomy of key aspects, precious special attachments and exquisite illustrations; The authoritative and popular words are "authoritative, rich and thorough, and everyone who wants to know the history of the British Empire can't miss a masterpiece." It is a landmark classic in the history of the whole world. "
The whole world is looking forward to reassessing the history and role of the British Empire. This is the original intention of Cambridge Illustrated History of British Empire: to present the discoveries of historians in recent years to readers without reservation.
For readers who want to know the basic situation and background of the British Empire, this magnificent masterpiece covers the development and historical influence of the British Empire in recent years, and creatively explains the influence of the British Empire in the areas it touches. Cambridge Illustrates the History of the British Empire reveals many important features of modern society, which is closely related to the influence of the British Empire. It covers politics, economy, art, language, culture and national education, and includes some controversial issues.
It is a masterpiece of changing dynasties in British history and has an unparalleled position in British historical works. As the most authoritative academic work in British history, Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire covers all periods from the American War of Independence to the decline of the British Empire at the end of the 20th century.
This book evaluates the influence of the British Empire, not only to the people ruled by the British Empire, but also to the British people themselves. Introduction: The British Empire shaped the world. /kloc-The British Empire at the end of 0/8. An expanding empire. A threatened empire. Storm empire. Is the colony poorer or richer? Power, Authority and Freedom, Aspects of Imperial Spiritual Civilization, Imperial Towns, British Immigrants and New Ownership, Art and the British Empire, Australia and Africa, Comment on British Rule over India, Conclusion: A Review of the Empire, Author's Brief Introduction, the world's most prestigious British history expert, and Professor Emeritus of the History Department of Royal College London.
1959- 1993, where he taught English history. Marshall was born in Gar, India. Graduated from Oxford University, UK, and is currently a researcher at the Institute of British Studies. He has published countless works, including Complaints from warren hastings, Enlightenment of Hinduism in Britain, Wealth of East India and Former Whistle in Bengal and Britain.
Professor Marshall is also an assistant editor of edmund burke's writing and speeches. Author of "A General History of Britain" (38 yuan) Xu Publishing House, Shanghai Social Sciences Publishing House, page 378, date of publication, 2002 edition, March 2003, The introduction of the third edition is accompanied by wonderful illustrations, which has a complete system and a clear context. Narration vividly reflects the author's long-term experience in managing history, reflects the new achievements of academic circles at home and abroad, and expounds the way of Britain's prosperity. Through the perspective of its successful modernization process, it reveals the endowment and creativity of the British nation, and shows that the words written by the author after the chapter of modern civilization created by it are related to history and reality, and the words have far-reaching significance. Enlightening people in Britain —— The series of books compiled by CCTV's The Rise of Great Powers (48 yuan) was published in 2006-11326,000 words1printed in 2006/165438/0.
Fourth, the history of Cisco routing operating system 1986, the earliest AGS and Cisco IOS products began to supply to the market;
1989, Cisco developed the BGP protocol, and its sales volume reached 27 million.
1993, Cisco released 7000 series routers, NCSA introduced Mosaic to the market, and the White House established its own website.
1994 USFNET was upgraded to 155Mbps, and the monthly traffic reached/10 trillion；;
1995, Chambers became the president of Cisco and released the 7500 router that year.
1997, Cisco 12000 series routers were launched for the first time, which was the first router specially used to support the "backbone network" artery of large telecom companies, greatly improving the performance and reliability of the Internet.
……
In the Grand Ballroom, there are many Cisco routers with a long history. The world's first commercial router AGS, released by 1986, has a white chassis and a red Golden Gate Bridge logo, which makes it hard to think of today's Cisco logo.
Another striking thing is the 7000 series router, which is another epoch-making product in Cisco history. This happened on 1993. That year, there were too many things that were of extraordinary significance to the Internet. For example, NCSA introduced mosaic, a network mode, to the world.
Then came the 7500 series router, released at 1995, which was very important for the rapid growth of the Internet at that time.
Then came the GSR 12000 series routers released seven years ago. The whole Internet has leapt from the speed of 10 trillion and 100 trillion to the gigabit era, which is a very meaningful product.
The most striking thing in the middle of the whole hall is CSR- 1. Just like the stars holding the moon, all people are chatting around it.
Starting from the gate of the museum, these products are developed in turn around the hall, just like a corridor for the development of routers, showing people the routers based on PC architecture, distributed processing architecture, gigabit or even Tbit-level hardware forwarding, and today's router system. Walking through them is like walking through 20 years of routing history.
John Doyle, marketing manager of Cisco's core and peripheral products, said: "Innovation, especially the innovation of the network core, has always been and will continue to be an important factor in making Cisco a leading manufacturer in the network market."
Cisco's software and hardware can usually determine the development direction of the network industry. After 1986 launched AGS multi-protocol router, Cisco changed the pattern of bridging network dominating the Internet market. Using AGS router, enterprises can build a larger and more reliable network for the first time without considering broadcast storm and suboptimal logical topology.
1994, Cisco introduced IP multicast technology, which can effectively distribute data, voice and video streams to hundreds, thousands or even millions of users, and can be greatly expanded, showing its strength in software.
Although Cisco's Advanced Gateway Server (AGS) promoted the birth of the Internet, it was Cisco's 7000-series router launched in 1995 that added wings to the Internet. It can not only realize the transmission capacity of 1 10000 packets per second, but also greatly improve various performances according to customer requirements, thus enhancing reliability, availability and maintainability, including redundant power supply, hot-swappable line cards and flash-based storage, and can easily update software images. More important than speed, it can support various standards and technologies, including System Network Architecture (SNA), DEC, Internet Packet Switching (IPX) and AppleTalk. It is worth mentioning that its most important function is IP processing.
Cisco 12000 series routers have been developing continuously. When 1997 was first introduced, this product was the first router specially used to support the "backbone network" artery of big telecom companies, which greatly improved the performance and reliability of the Internet.
But Cisco has not stagnated. In the seven years after the birth of Cisco 12000, the performance of routers has improved by 280 times. The processing speed of the first generation 12000 series is 2.5 million packets per second, and the processing speed of the third and latest generation routers is increased to 700 million packets per second.
At first, Cisco expected that only a few hundred such devices could be sold. Because of the high performance of this router, it is estimated that only the world's largest telecommunications company is interested in buying it. Unexpectedly, so far, more than 25,000 such routers have been sold.
The invention of routing technology makes it possible for different computers to share information, and the communication field has undergone earth-shaking changes-a communication revolution initiated by Cisco quickly swept every corner of the world.