1, the first development stage: 1946- 1956 electron tube computer era. 1946 The first electronic computer appeared in the University of Pennsylvania, which was designed by von Neumann. Covering area170m2, 150KW. The operation speed is slow, not as fast as others. This is a milestone in the history of computer development.

2. The second development stage: 1956- 1964 transistor computer era: operating system.

3. The third development stage: 1964- 1970 integrated circuits and the computer age of large-scale integrated circuits (1964-1965) (1965-1970).

4. The fourth development stage:1970-the computer age of VLSI.

Classification:

Computer development stages are divided by components. They are:

1, first generation: electron tube.

2. The second generation: crystal tube.

3. The third generation: small and medium-sized integrated circuits.

4. The fourth generation: VLSI.

5. The fifth generation: intelligent computer (future).

Third, the future development trend of electronic computers is: giant, micro-networked, networked, intelligent and multimedia.

Extended data:

Giant is a super computer with fast development, large storage capacity and powerful functions to meet the needs of cutting-edge technology. With people's increasing dependence on computers, especially in military and scientific research education, the requirements for computer storage space and running speed will be higher and higher. In addition, the functions of computers are more diversified.

Multimedia: The information processed by traditional computers is mainly characters and numbers. In fact, people are more accustomed to multimedia information in the form of pictures, words, sounds and images. Multimedia technology can integrate graphics, images, audio, video and text, making the objects and contents of information processing closer to the real world.

Networking: The Internet has connected computers all over the world, thus entering the Internet era. The computer network has completely changed the human world. People communicate and communicate through the Internet (OICQ, Weibo, etc.). ) and enjoy educational resources (literature review, distance education, etc.). ) and information review (Baidu, Google, etc. ).

Especially, the appearance of wireless network has greatly improved the convenience of people using the network, and computers will further develop into networks in the future.

Computer artificial intelligence is the inevitable trend of future development. Modern computer has powerful functions and running speed, but compared with human brain, its intelligence and logical ability still need to be improved.

Humans are constantly exploring how to make computers better reflect human thinking and make computers have the ability of human logical thinking and judgment. They can communicate with human beings through thinking, abandon the previous method of running computers by coding programs, and send instructions directly to computers.

With the emergence of microprocessor (CPU), microprocessors are used in computers, reducing the size and cost of computers. On the other hand, the rapid development of the software industry has improved the convenience of the computer's internal operating system, and the computer's external equipment has become more and more perfect.

With the continuous improvement of computer theory and technology, microcomputers have rapidly penetrated into all industries and departments of the whole society and become a necessity for people's life and study. The volume of computers is shrinking, and desktop computers, notebook computers, palmtop computers and tablet computers are gradually miniaturized, providing convenient services for people. Therefore, computers will continue to be miniaturized and miniaturized in the future.

Operating system is the product of computer development, and its main purposes are twofold: First, it is convenient for users to use computers, and it is the interface between users and computers. For example, users can automatically complete complex functions by inputting a simple command, which is the result of the help of the operating system.

The second is to manage all the resources of the computer system in a unified way, organize the computer workflow reasonably and give full play to the efficiency of the computer. Operating system should generally include the following five functional modules:

(1) Processor management: When multiple programs are running at the same time, the CPU time allocation problem is solved.

(2) Job management: the program that completes an independent task and the data it needs constitute a job. The task of job management is mainly to provide users with an interface to run their jobs conveniently by using computers, and to schedule and control all jobs that enter the system, so as to use the resources of the whole system as efficiently as possible.

(3) Memory management: allocate memory space for each program and the data it uses, and ensure that they do not interfere with each other.

(4) Equipment management: allocate equipment according to users' requests to use equipment, and receive equipment requests (called interrupts) at any time, such as information input.

(5) File management: mainly responsible for the storage, retrieval, enjoyment and protection of files, and providing users with the convenience of file operation.

There are many kinds of operating systems, which are divided into batch operating system, time-sharing operating system and real-time operating system according to their functions and characteristics. According to the number of users managed at the same time, it is divided into single-user operating system and multi-user operating system; A network operating system suitable for managing computer network environment.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-computer