Commodity economy is an economic form with the purpose of exchange. It came into being in a certain historical stage of social production development. In the first social division of labor, surplus products made commodity exchange possible. In the second social division of labor, handicrafts were separated from agriculture. There has been production directly aimed at exchange, that is, commodity production. In the third social division of labor, a social stratum emerged-businessmen who only engaged in commodity exchange. In capitalist society, the commodity economy has developed to the highest degree. All labor products have become commodities, even human labor has become commodities. When the supply of labor goods exceeds the demand, the pressure of hiring workers increases, forcing them to engage in overloaded work and obey the mercy of capitalists.
Second, capitalism is socialized mass production.
The capitalist mode of production has turned the original small-scale individual production into a large-scale machine industry. This change has brought about drastic changes in social relations of production. Socialization of production has formed a powerful social productive force, which is the material basis for the capitalist system to overcome the feudal system. It not only expands the division of labor of various production departments, but also turns the production of various products, even the production and process operation of various parts of a product into professional production. The adoption of advanced technology and innovative inventions has greatly improved labor productivity, reduced costs, ensured product quality and greatly shortened production cycle.
Third, the purpose and motive of capitalist production is to produce surplus value.
The law of surplus value reflects the essence of capitalism. In other words, capitalists extract surplus value from workers by buying their labor. In order to extract more surplus value, capitalists must adopt new technologies to improve labor productivity, reduce the value of workers' means of subsistence, shorten the necessary labor time of workers and extend the surplus labor time.
Fourth, in capitalist society, the scope of the law of value is wider.
The value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities. Commodities are exchanged according to value. The value of this commodity can only be determined by the average social labor proficiency and the labor time required to create a certain value under this labor intensity. As far as each producer is concerned, no matter how much personal labor time you spend, what society recognizes is only socially necessary labor time. Therefore, under the condition of capitalism, the social economy is full of fierce competition, both in the field of production and circulation, which contains the driving force of continuous development and progress.
It is universally acknowledged that although the face of modern capitalist economy is completely different, the most essential thing of capitalism has not changed. Capitalist production is still based on capital exploitation and wage labor, and the pursuit of profit is still the fundamental purpose of capitalist management, and there is still a competitive relationship between capitals. As long as the bourgeoisie still holds political rule, the development and evolution of capitalist economy will not fundamentally change the capitalist nature of the dominant economic system.
There is competition among developed capitalist countries. In addition to internal competitiveness, unbalanced development also has an objective condition-technological innovation. Our country is in the primary stage of socialism. We should keep the theoretical height of "taking the essence and discarding the dross" to these phenomena, learn from the advantages of developed capitalist countries in education and science and technology, and improve China's market economic system. In this multipolar world, peace and development are the themes of the times. We should strengthen ties, seize opportunities to develop ourselves, and promote the upgrading of domestic industrial structure while meeting challenges.