Direct purpose: to facilitate the local rule of the newly unified six countries.
It has been 36 years since the specific road map of Qin Dao was first put forward, which has attracted more and more attention and controversy. Trend problem is not only the focus problem, but also the key and difficult problem.
Because Sima Qian only recorded the starting and ending points of Qin Zhi Road, he did not tell the specific place, leaving an unsolved suspense for future generations. From 65438 to 0975, Professor Shi Nianhai, one of the founders of historical geography in China, collected and sorted out the literature about the way of Qin Dynasty in the vast historical ocean in order to complete the task of compiling military geography assigned by General Pi Dingjun, then commander of Lanzhou Military Region. Professor Shi Nianhai believes that the record of Qin Zhi Road in the southern section of the meridian began in Yuanhe County Annals of the Tang Dynasty, and that "Laoqin Road is in the Woods Mountain, 80 miles east of the county" is recorded in Xiangle County Annals of Ningzhou. Xiangle County, Tang Xiang, is now Xiangle Town, Ningxian County, Gansu Province, and 80 miles to the east is the Ziwuling between Artemisia argyi Store and Wulidun. According to Kangxi's Zhuozhou Zhi, "There are saints in the west of the state for more than a hundred miles, who can drive two or three cars in parallel, winding and winding, and the south road is steep, reaching Qingyang in the west, which is suspected to be opened by (Mongolia) fields." In the west of Fuxian County, about 30 miles from Xinglong Pass to Tuqiao, you can still find the remains of Qin Zhi Road. The record of Qin Zhidao in the northern section of Ziwuling began in the Record of Xiongnu in the Tang Dynasty, in which Kuozhi was quoted: "Old Qin Daodao is on the West Woods Mountain in Huachi County, Qingzhou." Tanghuachi County, now Donghuachi Town, Huachi County, Gansu Province. Judging from the existing remains of Qin Zhi Road in Ziwuling, it was built along the main vein. The records in Kuozhi denied the speculation that the way of Qin left the main vein of Ziwuling to the east. The reason is to avoid the twists and turns in the Luohe River Basin and the ravines in the Hengshan Mountains.
Professor Shi Nianhai went out of his study in 1966 after a thorough and meticulous study of the literature. Accompanied by military staff and several experts, he made a field trip for more than a month, sketched it out with a map of 50,000, looking for the Qin Straight Road that had disappeared in the long river of history. Based on the combination of literature research and field investigation, he wrote the article "Exploring the Ruins of the Straight Road of Qin Shihuang". In this paper, the strategic significance, starting point, southern section and northern section of the meridian, the construction and function of the straight road in Ordos Plateau, and the specific road map of the "Qin Zhi Road" are drawn for the first time in history: starting from the site of the Guanglin Palace in Liang Wudi Village, Chunhua County, Shaanxi Province, going north along the main meridian, passing through Shimenguan, Xunyi County, Shaanxi Province, huangling county Province and Shaanxi Province. After arriving at Xinglong Pass in huangling county, it goes along the west side of the main meridian of Ziwuling to the east of Huachi County, Gansu Province, passes through the trimming beam at the junction of Shaanxi and Gansu, reaches Yingjiao County, Wuqi County, Shaanxi Province, and coincides with Qin Changcheng on the main meridian of Ziwuling for forty miles, passes through Nanliang of Lin Hao ditch in Wuqi County, then reaches Tiejiao City, Huachi County, Gansu Province, and passes through Zhangjiao County, Dingbian County, Shaanxi Province in the north. The Atlas of Chinese History published by 1975 depicts the trend of Qinzhi Road, which is basically consistent with the road map restored by Professor Shi Nianhai. It can be said that it represents the mainstream view in the field of historical geography in China.
Professor Shi Nianhai initiated the study of modern historical geography in The Way of Qin Dynasty, which laid a solid foundation for later researchers. 10 years later, Guangming Daily reported the painter Jin with the title "Painter Jin visited the straight road of Qin Shihuang on foot for finding another huge national defense engineering monument in Qin Dynasty". Later, some investigators published related articles. Because the route taken by these researchers is different from that taken by Professor Shi Nianhai, there is an academic problem in a different direction. After reading these papers and news, Professor Shi Nianhai wrote a paper "Questioning the Road of Qin Dynasty and the Remains of Ganquan Palace", which was more than 30,000 words long, raised questions from the perspective of historical geography, and analyzed the causes of the problems. Professor Shi Nianhai thinks that only Diao Yin, Gao Nv, Zhou Yang and Fu Shi can be admitted to northern Shaanxi during the Qin Dynasty. These four counties are far from the straight-line road map drawn by painter Jin. Because they have passed, they have nothing to do with the governance of Shang Jun and the county, which is politically unreasonable. If it is of military significance, there must be important conditions for terrain selection. At that time, most of Shang Jun was in the present northern Shaanxi area. At that time, there were not only rivers but also gullies. If military action is to be rapid, we must consider avoiding terrain suppression. From this point of view, although this road is named straight, the north-south direction is not necessarily straight. This passerby is sparsely populated, half on the mountain and half on the grassland. In Historical Records, Sima Qian stated that all the roads passed through counties and famous mountains and rivers, while the straight roads were summarized as "through", which just showed that the Ziwuling area in Qin Dynasty was isolated from the world, so it was impossible to remember it clearly. The so-called "straight-through" means straight-through, and it cannot be simply understood that the two ends are straight and connected. Some investigators believe that this straight road extends northward, passing Gao Nv, Zhou Yang and Pumice. Zhilu is not a new survey route in Montaigne, but was rebuilt and expanded on the basis of the old road between Jiuyuan, Shang Jun, Yunyang and Xianyang in the middle and late Warring States period. Professor Shi Nianhai believes that the road that Shang Jun County passes through is the old road before Qin Shihuang, and it is also an integral part of Qin Shihuang's national Chidao, which has nothing to do with the straight road. Qin Chi Road was built in the 27th year of Qin Shihuang, and Qin Zhi Road was built in the 35th year of Qin Shihuang. Although Qin Zheng is harsh, it will not be built on the same road so often. If the straight road built in Meng Tian is only a reconstruction and expansion of the original old road, there will be no valley as Sima Qian said. Some investigators saw that the road remains in Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province were the best preserved, which was regarded as the basis for judging that the road leading to Xinglong Pass in Qin Zhi turned into Dragonfly Ridge. Professor Shi Nianhai believes that the road of sages passing through Fuxian, Zhidan, Ansai and other counties today was built by Helian Bobo of Daxia regime. It first appeared in Taiping Universe in Song Dynasty. Originally called sage road, not sage article. Saints passed the security forces 150 Li and entered the border of Fuzheng County, that is, when Helian Bobo entered Chang 'an from Xiatai, Pinggu opened this road, which the natives called Saints Road. Song Baoan Army is now in Zhidan County, Shaanxi Province, and Xiatai is now in Baichengzi, Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province. At that time, it was called Tong Wancheng, the capital of Helian Bobo. Helian Bobo's southbound journey must pass through Sichuan Bay in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province, which was called Saimen Town in Tang Dynasty, and Luziguan in the north of Shili, which is the avenue between Zhou Xia and Yanzhou. This is undoubtedly the way of a saint. Geographically, you can go straight between the ancient city of Gaonu and Yangzhou. If you bypass sickle bay, it will become a right triangle. From this perspective, it is impossible to link the road of saints with the ancient city of Gaonu. The construction of the Empress Dowager Town of Xixia in Fuxian County shows that the road of saints stops here, and it can't be related to Qin Zhi Road on Ziwuling. Some investigators believe that Emperor Wendi and Emperor Wudi traveled through Ganquan, which was the straight road of Qin Dynasty. Professor Shi Nianhai believes that Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty went to Taiyuan from Ganquan via Gaonv in three years, but there were two roads from north to south, one was from Lin and Lishi to the east; Once out of the sun. Lishi is now Lishi County, Shanxi Province, and you can reach Jinyang by going east, which is now at the gates of Taiyuan. Ding Yang, located in the northwest of Yichuan County, Shaanxi Province, has been the main road from Shanxi to the west of the Yellow River since the Spring and Autumn Period. Most of Liang Wudi's northern tour is on the North-South Avenue, passing through Shang Jun County and reaching Wuyuan in the north. Both Emperor Wu and Emperor Wen went north from Ganquan Palace, but that doesn't mean they have to follow this road to the end. Because most of the investigators who chose different routes were non-historical geography majors, they did not give a professional response to Professor Shi Nianhai's query. Later, people paid attention to "Qin Zhidao" in succession. It is said that there are more than 1000 people who published articles, and more than 20 people actually visited. Perhaps because the purpose and emphasis of the investigation are different, the scope of the study is limited to those lines that they are interested in, and the lines that disagree with them are not only not reasonably explained, but even not involved. So far, I haven't seen a comprehensive, systematic and professional groundbreaking paper like Professor Shi Nianhai.
In recent years, comrades engaged in archaeological research, tourism culture, literary creation, local chronicles and development and utilization have a high enthusiasm for the study of Qinzhi Island, which is a good phenomenon, indicating that more people care about cultural undertakings. In the social environment where the pursuit of economic benefits is generally the standard, this non-profit cultural behavior is commendable. Although cultural enthusiasm has great rendering power, it is necessary to return to calm and rational thinking after enthusiasm. For example, some investigators have suggested that the Qin Straight Road has two branches, east and west, which is contrary to the statement that the straight road recorded in Historical Records and other books is a "through" between Jiuyuan and Yunyang. For example, some investigators have suggested that there are many villages named after Tiao in Zhidan County, Shaanxi Province, such as Antiao, Poplar, Litao, Hetiao, Zhoutiao, Wicker, Xinshengtiao and Nitiao, all of which are residential areas along the straight road, and ethnic minorities call the road Tiao. In fact, the word "zone" in Chinese refers to roads, alleys and settlements. First, it refers to the general name of streets, such as Dongdan Sanjie, Changxiang Wujie and Anlelin Headline in Beijing. Second, it refers to small streets, such as one to the north of Zhengdong Street in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, and three to Tianjin South; Third, it is the same as "lane" and "lane", such as one in Jilin and Taiyuan; Fourth, it refers to the floorboard of settlements, such as Zhaojiatiao in Wuhan. According to relevant media reports, in August of 20 1 1, Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology conducted an archaeological excavation in the area of Xinglongguan on Ziwuling, covering an area of about 250 square meters. The excavation shows that the south of Xinglong Pass is a typical straight road in Qin Dynasty, the two-story pavement found on the eastern line belongs to the Qin and Western Han Dynasties, and the two-story pavement found on the western line belongs to the Eastern Han Dynasty, thus affirming the "eastern line theory" and denying the "western line theory". It should be said that this excavation result is very important and provides important reference value for the study of Qin Zhi Road. However, in the case that the so-called western route has not been thoroughly investigated, and there is still great ambiguity between the so-called eastern route and Qin Chi Road and Shengren Road, the excavation result of a point of 250 square meters is not enough to deny a road about 1800, and it is difficult to form a subversive statement with the existing excavation and research results. From the perspective of philology alone, the Tang Dynasty is not far from the Qin and Han Dynasties. When compiling geography books such as Kuodizhi and Yuanhe County Records, it is entirely possible for the Tang people to directly base on the documents and materials since the Eastern Han Dynasty. If there are no other historical records contrary to this, it can be used as a reliable document basis to restore the relevant geographical content of Qin and Han Dynasties. Archaeology also found that these three excavation sites were artificially destroying straight roads. Archaeologists speculate that it may be a military strategy adopted by the state. When the way of Qin Dynasty passed through for more than 200 years, it was between the Han Dynasty and the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The relationship between the Central Plains and Xiongnu was tense, so they simply destroyed the road to stop Xiongnu from advancing. In fact, Huns mainly ride bicycles, while the Central Plains is mainly chariots. The two sides have different requirements for roads. The former is less restricted by geographical conditions and easy to develop, while the latter is more restricted by geographical conditions and more difficult to build. Once completed, it won't change easily. Northern nomads attack south, preferring Sichuan Road suitable for riding. This can be seen from Daoguang's Official Records of Yulin and Ma Wensheng's Official Records of Yushu. "Thieves must pass through Dachuan, and Song people built castles in Kawaguchi." Although this was a discussion of military issues in the Ming Dynasty during the Song and Ming Dynasties, so was the southern expedition of Xiongnu during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The way of Qin is mainly to meet the needs of car dealers, and there is no document that Huns who are suitable for riding on Sichuan road directly use the way of Qin to invade the south. Moreover, under the strategic counterattack of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Huns have entered a period of decline, and the surging waves full of violence have evolved into a lost dog with no fighting spirit. Why should we adopt a national military strategy? Even if it is destroyed, it can't stop the Huns who are mainly cavalry.
It has been 36 years since the specific road map of Qin Dao was first put forward, which has attracted more and more attention and controversy. Although there are many followers and their articles, the controversial content has not yet broken through the discussion between Professor Shi Nianhai and various researchers in the 1980s. Wang Zijin, president of China Qin and Han History Research Association, said: "Due to the long-term use of roads, the ruins have been seriously damaged, and the archaeological progress of ancient roads has been slow. The key and difficult point in the study of Qin Road is the road positioning, which has been a long-standing debate in academic circles. I quite agree with this view. So far, the alignment of Qinzhi Road is not only a focus issue, but also a key and difficult issue, and even a prerequisite for the inspection of specific sections, otherwise the opposite direction will occur. In the case that the old topic of Qin Zhi Dao is once again hotly debated and has become the focus of attention from all walks of life, I think it is necessary to review the past and learn something new, so that more people can understand it systematically and comprehensively, and make Qin Zhi Dao more clear in speculation, thus stimulating the exploration interest of academic colleagues and providing professional support in line with the original historical geography for the protection, development and utilization of Qin Zhi Dao.