Noun explanation:
Tang Sancai: According to the design requirements, the surface of white clay tire is coated with oily colorants such as copper, iron and manganese, and lead is added as a cosolvent. After firing at low temperature, the glaze becomes bright and rich in cyan and blue ochre. There are all kinds of figurines and living utensils, buried figurines and animals such as camels and horses. These are the best three colors. Colorful. The shaping of three talents has become an important category of sculpture and arts and crafts in the Tang Dynasty with colorful changes and vivid and touching images.
Painting: The painting of Sheikh in Nanqi is the first theoretical article to evaluate the painting and the author in ancient times. Among them, the social function of painting and six methods to evaluate painting are put forward: vivid charm, brushwork, pictograph, color band, quotient, vivid expression and modeling. At the same time, it also ranks 27 painters since Cao Buxing, puts forward that the painting function inherits Cao Zhi's theoretical thought, and clearly summarizes the thought that painting creation is closely related to politics and religion.
Wu Pai: He lived in Suzhou in the middle of Ming Dynasty, inherited and developed the cultural tradition of Yuan Dynasty, attached importance to the integration of poetry, calligraphy and painting, advocated the noble and elegant artistic style, expressed the ideal humanistic spirit and aesthetic taste in the form of painting, and embodied his spiritual life of enjoying himself. Representative figures: Shen Zhou, Wen Zhiming, Tang Bohu, Chou Ying.
Green mountains and green waters: The green mountains and green waters depicted by azurite and turquoise are an important category of China landscape paintings. The method of expression is to draw the outline of the scene with pen and ink, and then dye it with strong turquoise. Its distinctive features are strong color coverage, bright colors and decorative significance.
Courtyard painting: also known as courtyard painting, is a kind of Chinese painting, which generally refers to the paintings of Hanlin Painting Academy in Song Dynasty and later court painters, also refers to the works of Southern Song Painting Academy, or generally refers to the works of non-court painters imitating Southern Song painters. In order to meet the needs of the imperial court, such works are mostly based on flowers and birds, landscapes, court life and religious content, paying attention to statutes, having both form and spirit, and having gorgeous and delicate styles.
Painted pottery: the most important art form in Neolithic Age, which means that on the polished orange-red pottery embryo, it is painted with natural mineral pigments, with ochre and manganese oxide as coloring elements, and then fired in a kiln, showing beautiful patterns of ochre, black and white on the orange-red pottery embryo, and the formed patterns are highly unified with the shapes of utensils. To achieve the effect of decoration and beautification, such pottery is called painted pottery.
Stone relief and brick relief: both painting and sculpture functions. Stone reliefs sprouted in the period of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty and were carved with different pictures, which were used as building materials for building tombs, sarcophagus, temples or stone valves. Portrait brick is a kind of architectural decoration structure in Qin and Han dynasties, which is mostly used to decorate the terrace of palaces and houses. After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, it was mostly used for tomb murals, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was in its heyday.
Mogao grottoes: Dunhuang, located at the western end of Hexi Corridor, is the throat of ancient Guanzhong leading to the western regions. There are still 492 caves, with more than 2,400 statues and 45,000 square meters of murals. It is an important cave temple in China. The murals and sculptures in the caves are mainly works of the Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song, Xixia and Yuan Dynasties.
Zhejiang School: A painting school active in Zhejiang in the early Ming Dynasty, whose style inherited the institutional painting of the Southern Song Dynasty. Representative figures and works include Dai Jin's Spring Tour and Late Return, and Wei Wu's Fishing Music Map.
Sketch: Created by Li in Song Dynasty, it was developed on the basis of line drawing and is famous for its colorless image created by ink painting. It is accurate and rigorous, and pays attention to stylistic skills, including the aesthetic feelings of literati and officialdom. This simple, simple and beautiful art form enriches the skills of national painting.
Xu Huang Yi: A school in West Shu, represented by the yellow world, is called "the yellow family is rich and rich". It inherits the tradition of flower-and-bird painting in Tang Dynasty, and is outlined with extremely fine lines, with soft and beautiful colors. When the lines are compatible with colors, almost no ink can be seen, which shows a strong elegance and beauty. The Xu Xi School in the south of the Yangtze River is called Xu Jiaye. He pays attention to dripping ink, and his pen is not limited to fine painting, but uses a letter and a little color to write. One is Xu in the palace, and the other is Huang in the earth. Their living environment, ideas and brushwork are different, which makes the picture form different styles.
Ming-style furniture: Ming-style furniture inherited the tradition of the Song Dynasty and formed a unique format. Most of the wood used is imported from overseas or high-quality wood from the south, such as rosewood, rosewood and other hardwoods. There are also some light wood with fine and straight texture, such as paulownia and nanmu. Its color is soft, its texture is delicate, and its wood is solid and elastic. After being made into furniture, it presents exquisite and vivid texture beauty, light and straight, concise and clear, and has the characteristics of wood grain.
Shanghai School:/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, the development of industry and commerce in Shanghai enlivened the art market here, attracted many painters from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and was influenced by foreign cultures. Shanghai school is good at combining literati painting tradition with folk art tradition, combining freehand brushwork techniques in Ming and Qing dynasties with strong aesthetic characteristics and bright colors in epigraphy, describing subjects that people like to see and hear, and forming a taste for both refined and popular tastes.
Notes on Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties: Written by Zhang Yanyuan in Tang Dynasty, it is the first painting general history book with complete style, combination of history and theory and rich content in China. Inherited and developed China's tradition of combining history and theory, and wrote books in the first year of Dazhong, sorting out predecessors' writings and giving play to his own opinions. This book is divided into three parts: the comment and theoretical understanding of the development of painting history; Collection of information, description and appreciation related to painting; Biographies and works of painters. It is of epoch-making significance in the history of China painting and has long been recognized as a masterpiece in the history of painting.
China's art history focuses on the second part.
1. Functions, Forms and Representative Works of Sculptures in Qin and Han Dynasties;
Function: publicize the achievement of unification, show the majesty of kingship, beautify the cemetery building and cast a memorial warrior.
Form: Mausoleum decorative sculpture, tomb sculpture, pre-construction sculpture, craft sculpture, palace decorative sculpture.
Masterpieces: Mausoleum sculpture masterpieces "Horse Treading on Xiongnu" and "Lying Horse". Before the building, the representative works included Li Bing's stone statue and Qin Terracotta Warriors and other funerary sculptures.
2. The artistic style of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and Huo Qubing's Tomb Sculpture:
1) Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses: advocating realism and rigorous techniques; Distinctive personality and vivid image; In the overall layout, many vertical static bodies are repeated, creating an overwhelming momentum, which makes people feel awe and unforgettable. Its rigorous layout, east-facing, magnificent and magnificent military scenes reproduce the magnificent features of Qin Jun.
2) Huo Qubing's Tomb: a group of large stone carvings with monumental nature in the Han Dynasty. By using the artistic technique of stone modeling, the author skillfully combines the techniques of round carving, relief carving and line carving, and the portrayed image is just right enough to show the characteristics of the object, and never over-carves with naturalism, which strengthens the sense of integrity and strength of the work. Huge volume and vast environment; Because the situation is pictographic, simple and rough; Different shapes, dynamic and powerful
3. The contents and representative works of the murals of the Northern Dynasties in Mogao Grottoes:
Content: Generally located at the upper and top of the four walls: Tian Fei and Tiangong geisha; The lower layer is a medicine fork; Middle layer: Apart from thousands of Buddhas, it is mainly painting. The story of Bunsen and Karma. (Buddha painting is a picture with Buddha as the main body; Story painting, instilling Buddhist ideas into people, propagating Buddhist teachings, and having certain plot painting; Decorative patterns, with symbolic significance; The theme of national traditional mythology. )
Representative works: Bunsen Map of the Deer King and Bunsen Map of the Prince of Sasana.
4. Gu Kaizhi's painting achievements:
1) Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a scholar-bureaucrat and a professional painter. He is also known as the "Three Musts", and his artistic achievements are reflected in his artistic creation and theoretical achievements.
2) In artistic practice, he learns from Wei Xie, pays attention to vivid description, and is good at expressing the spiritual temperament, personality characteristics and eye descriptions of characters, reflecting people's mental outlook; Gu Kaizhi's paintings have a wide range of themes and rich contents; The Proverbs of Women's History has developed the "four wonders of ancient travel" formed since the Warring States Period to a perfect position; The affection between the two characters in The Goddess of Luo is not revealed by facial expressions, but by clever handling of the relationship between the characters.
3) Theoretically, he summed up the predecessors' theories and artistic creations, and established a vivid depiction system in practical experience, which has distinct characteristics of the times and theoretical value of connecting the preceding with the following. Draw Yuntai Mountain, on painting.
5. Portrait painters and works in the Tang Dynasty: (Yan, Wu, Zhang, Zhou. Subject matter; Style; Works)
1) Yan: painter in the early Tang Dynasty, good at story painting, based on historical events of nobles, officials and courts; The line drawing is strong, deeply colored and dynamic, but it pays attention to depicting the five senses, which reflects the inheritance and development of tradition. Imperial maps and walking maps of past dynasties.
2) Wu Daozi: painter in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, good at religious murals; A high degree of imagination creates different scenes and atmospheres, combined with the expression of content and the shaping of image, the lines are permeated with strong emotions, and the sense of rhythm and movement is extremely strong, creating a description of "stewed meat strips". The heavenly king sent a picture, Guanyin picture.
3) Zhang Xuan: good at figure painting, often picturesque with court banquets; Theme: childe, pommel horse, palace garden, etc. The picture shows health, beauty and elegance. "The Road Map" and "The Lady of the State of Guo You Chun Map", the latter works do not rely on the background, but only use the configuration of a group of characters, the running of horses and the use of colors to set off the breath of spring.
4) Zhou Fang: good at aristocratic life and religious murals; The image of the characters is accurate, and their psychology and temperament can be revealed through the brush. Their feelings and pursuits are enough to summarize the characteristics of figure painting in the prosperous and middle Tang Dynasty, and they have a deep understanding of social reality and psychological state of characters. At the same time, the image of "Shuiyue Guanyin" in religious paintings is called "Zhou Jia statue". Photos of a beautiful woman in spring and Yang Fei taking a bath.
6. The development of landscape painting in the Five Dynasties;
During the Five Dynasties, some painters went deep into nature and created real and vivid beautiful scenery in the south and north of the Yangtze River.
The north is represented by Hao Jing and Guan Tong. Hao Jing paid attention to the change of brushwork and made pioneering contributions to the brushwork of rubbings and stippling. His paintings are magnificent. Strong sense of space, author of brushwork. Guan Tong's landscape paintings are more general and refined, and his brushwork is simple and vigorous, with little vision and long meaning. Travel Notes of Guanshan is his masterpiece.
The south is represented by Dong Yuan and Ju Ran. Dong Yuan, who created the techniques of expression, such as horse racing and cushion, painted and colored in ink, and the picture was elegant. His masterpiece Xiaoxiang Map, etc. Ju Ran's landscape paintings are exquisite in brushwork, and his "Ask the Autumn Mountain for a Residence" soars into the sky, but the structure is mellow and the layout is grand, giving people the feeling of a magnificent person.
7. The characteristics of Dong Yuan's landscape paintings and their influence on later generations;
Features: He wrote more about the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River than fantasy. The scenery he painted is the landscape of the south of the Yangtze River. Compared with Hao Jing, he is more beautiful and lyrical. His ink and wash landscapes, rubbings and dyeing combine to create expressive techniques such as the edge of the horse and the edge of the concept, which are innovative, simple and naive. Masterpieces: Xiaoxiang Map, Xiashan Map and Su Long Education Map.
Influence: After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it had a great influence, and its plain and naive style was especially praised by the calligrapher Miti of the Northern Song Dynasty.
8. Fan Kuan landscape painting features and representative works:
The master of landscape painting in the Northern Song Dynasty originated from the Northern Landscape Painting School in the Five Dynasties. The mountains and rivers he painted are often outstanding and majestic with indomitable spirit, and the textured rocks are carved with broken and solid pen and ink, which is known as "the bone of the mountain, vivid with the mountain" and successfully depicts the "mountains and rivers" in Beiguan Mountain area. The characteristics of the situation are strong. Masterpiece: snow scene and cold forest map
9. The characteristics, representative figures and works of landscape painting in Southern Song Dynasty:
Features: The change of Jingkang and the southward crossing of Song Dynasty also changed the style of the works to some extent. At the same time, the Southern Song Dynasty is in the transitional period from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, so the works not only show the grandeur of the Northern Song Dynasty, but also reveal the style of the Yuan Dynasty. There is no specific explanation in the textbook, and the characteristics of landscape painting in the Southern Song Dynasty need specific answers.
Representative: Ma Yuan. He inherited and developed Li Tang's painting style, and was especially good at bold selection and cutting in composition, depicting a corner of the mountain and a cliff of water, leaving a large blank in the picture to highlight the scenery, express space and enrich poetry. Ma Yuan broke through the panoramic landscape, created many expressive landscape painting techniques, and enriched and developed Chinese painting.
Works: hiking map, fishing alone in the cold river, water map.
10. What are the developments of landscape painting in Yuan Dynasty compared with landscape painting in Song Dynasty?
The Song Dynasty was dominated by palace paintings, and the courtyard landscape paintings were full of composition, rich in picture content, diverse in expression techniques, magnificent in picture, open in realm and vast in space. In the Yuan Dynasty, literati painting was the main style, with concise style and refined pen. Judging from the composition, the picture is quiet and far-reaching, with no ups and downs and many rare rocks. From content to pen and ink, they pursue morale and literati's aesthetic taste, transform the rigorous and meticulous painting style in Song Dynasty, and "entertain themselves" without giving in to social aesthetic taste.
1 1. The difference between four kings and four monks in the early Qing Dynasty:
Four Kings: Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi. They believed in Dong Qichang's artistic thought, spared no effort to learn from the ancients, painstakingly studied the so-called masters of Haizong in Song and Yuan Dynasties, devoted themselves to imitating the ancients or seeking change in imitating them, and especially praised "Yuan Sijia". They attach great importance to pen and ink, showing a calm and carefree emotional state, reflecting the so-called morale and bookishness, but rarely observe nature and describe specific feelings. The expression of aesthetics and interest is more delicate.
Four monks: Zhu Da, Shi Tao, Kun Can and Hong Ren. With a strong emotional color, express intense and depressed emotions through pen and ink. The form of painting does not conform to the norms of predecessors, and it has a strong personality, which is quite different from the mainstream painting style at that time. The expression of content and emotion comes from the objective world, which has a highly processed artistic image, enriches the expression of natural beauty and the creation of artistic conception, and combines it with objectivity. The new technique of respecting righteousness and rules breaks through the old form, plays the role of painting poetry and calligraphy, and closely combines the similar and dissimilar images, which is creative.
Difference: Four Kings and One Sect advocated being close to ancient times, and their status was representative, which was valued by the rulers and established their orthodox status. The unorthodox painting school of the Four Monks has a strong anti-Qing consciousness, which is not limited to copying, has a strong emotional color, attaches importance to observing nature and feeling spirituality.
12. Xu Wei's freehand flower-and-bird painting style:
It combines the strengths of Wumen Sect and Lin Liang's freehand brushwork of flowers and birds, boldly innovates, endows flowers with strong subjective feelings, and opposes Wumen's interest, directly expresses cynicism, endows works with shocking artistic appeal, and is bold in brushwork, dripping with ink, and pays attention to the embodiment of rhyme in the image of flowers and trees, which is magnificent and magnificent. Xu Wei pushed China's flower-and-bird painting to a height where he could strongly express his inner feelings, which became a milestone in the development of China's freehand flower-and-bird painting.
13. Characteristics of Wu Changshuo's flower-and-bird paintings:
The pictures are organically combined, thick ink is light and dry, and complement each other, showing the inner temperament and vitality of the object, conveying the charm beyond modeling, and giving people superb artistic enjoyment. Boldly use strong and bright heavy colors in color, such as western red, which is full of vitality in strong contrast, rich and Gu Zhuo, and there is no lack of bookishness, forming a unique new style.
The third part of China art history.
1. The painting style of Yangzhou School and its social reasons;
Style of painting: divided into three categories; First of all, some literati lost their official positions and sold paintings. Driven by personal feelings, this kind of person's painting style is not gentle, but ups and downs, vigorous and unrestrained, and does not follow the norms. Secondly, there are painters who have been wearing cloth all their lives. They show their individuality, still create the tradition of literati painting, pay attention to the simplicity and naturalness of epigraphy calligraphy, and sometimes show their dissatisfaction in the picture, but most of them still show the nobility of collusion. Finally, it is a kind of professional painter with literati accomplishment. They have profound skills, adapt to folk appreciation habits, and are influenced by Yangzhou ethos. They draw humanistic painting ideas, stress personal character, are good at three wonders, draw freehand brushwork, have a wide range of subjects and are good at painting. Generally speaking, we should accept and carry forward the innovative spirit of Shi Tao and others, conform to the aesthetic requirements of the times, pay attention to the development of art itself, attach importance to the unique feelings of teachers and individuals, express their individuality, and get married according to law.
Social reasons:
1 & gt； The prosperity of commercial cities, the expansion of citizens' class and their requirements for art.
2> Ethnic contradictions have decreased, while social contradictions, including those within the feudal class, have intensified, and ideology and culture with preliminary democratic colors have emerged.
Yangzhou, a commodity market, has gathered various factions.
Under the influence of innovative painters such as Shi Tao in the early Qing Dynasty, 4> developed a wide-brush freehand brushwork that attached importance to life feelings and had a strong calligraphy spirit.
2. Understanding of China's ancient flower-and-bird paintings and comments on their works;
Understanding: Flower-and-bird painting is a traditional painting in China, which mainly depicts animals and plants. It is based on sketches. Sacrifice shows the vitality and different characteristics of flowers and birds on the basis of truly depicting objective images, and it does not aim at external appearances. But pay attention to vivid, flower-and-bird paintings convey feelings with things, be good at grasping the relationship between animals and plants and people's thoughts and feelings, and add artistic exaggeration. Flower-and-bird painting techniques mainly include craft heavy color flower-and-bird painting and ink-and-wash freehand flower-and-bird painting, which show exquisite and rich court style and ink-and-wash freehand brushwork humanistic style.
Comments: Simply answer "Xu Wei's flower-and-bird painting style" and explain his representative works.
3. Understanding and comments on China's traditional humanistic painting;
Features: Anti-Korean literati express the author's interest and soul, taking landscape flowers and trees, plum blossoms and bamboos as the main themes, pursuing the effect of pen and ink, emphasizing charm rather than form, and stressing the interest of pen and ink. Form a unified and integrated whole of poetry, calligraphy and painting, integrating literature, calligraphy and seal cutting, and highlighting the painter's literary accomplishment.
Comments on Works: Elaborate with Wen Zhiming's works, see the textbook for details, and highlight its painting characteristics.
4. Understanding and evaluation of ancient heavy color paintings in China;
Understanding: Heavy color meticulous painting is a kind of painting with neat and meticulous modeling, rich colors, slight decoration, simple brushwork and simple charm. Line modeling is the characteristic of Chinese painting techniques, and it is also the foundation and backbone of meticulous painting. The requirements of meticulous painting for lines are neat, delicate and rigorous. Generally, there are more pens in the center. Mainly based on the inherent color, the general color is gorgeous, bright, calm and elegant, and the color tone is unified. It has a strong aesthetic interest in the national color of China. On the one hand, decoration comes from traditional stylization, on the other hand, it is the aesthetic effect formed by the author through refining, exaggerating and creating images in his life.
Interpretation of Gu's Han Xizai's Night Banquet.
5. The theme, content and performance characteristics of Han Xizai's The Night Banquet;
Subject: figure painting, depicting the psychological contradiction and decadent life of frustrated bureaucrats, and showing their bohemian nightlife.
Content: The banquet screen is divided into five scenes in the form of long scrolls: banquet, watching dance, resting, performing music and enjoying guests. Listening to the pipa, all the characters in the audience are immersed in the music. Watching a dance, Han Xizai personally played drums, accompanied the audience, and clapped his hands, which was consistent with the dance rhythm.
Performance characteristics: the characters in the painting are lifelike, and the different postures and expressions and the performance of the hands are handled successfully. In particular, Han Xizai's image is full of the characteristics of portrait painting, his clothes also show indulgence, and his modal movements are portrayed reasonably and appropriately. The details in the painting also play a role in setting off the theme. The screen divides the scene and connects it into a whole. The pen is delicate and meticulous, the lines are delicate and round, the colors are rich and calm, and the overall effect is unified and harmonious. Good results have been achieved.