The history of London can be traced back to 2000 years ago. During this period, London developed from a Celtic town into the capital of Britain and an important financial and cultural center in the world. The map of London of 1300 is shown below.
1, etymology
The etymology of London is uncertain. For centuries, there have been many theories about the origin of the word London, most of which can be denied as a linguistic or historical fantasy, and only a few are credible from an academic point of view. But none of them have direct evidence to prove it.
2. During the Roman Empire
Seven years after the Roman invasion of Great Britain in 43 AD, Londinium was established as a civilian town. During the Roman Empire, London had only a relatively small area, which was about equivalent to Hyde Park now. In 60 AD? As the British tribes rebelled against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire, they were destroyed by the Aisini tribe led by Budika. However, about 10 years later, the city recovered rapidly, and in the following decades, the city developed rapidly. In the 2nd century AD, Londinium reached the peak of its development, replacing Camulodunum as the capital of Britain under Roman rule. The population is about 60,000. It has a large number of important public buildings, including the largest temple, temple, bathing place, amphitheater and a big castle in the northern Alps. However, since the 4th century, due to political instability and economic recession, Londinium has gradually declined.
Between A.D. 190 and 225, the Romans built a wall on the shore of London. The wall is about 3 kilometers long and 6 meters high. The thickness is 2.5 meters. In 255, an extra wall was built on the river bank, which existed until the17th century, and determined the boundary of London for the next hundred years. Six of the seven traditional gates in London were built during Roman rule: Ludgate,? Newgate, aldous Gate, Plumgate, Bishop Gate and Aldgate (Aldgate, built in the Middle Ages).
By the 5th century, the Roman Empire was gradually declining, and in 4 10, the Roman occupation of Britain came to an end. After that, Rome declined rapidly and was almost abandoned at the end of this century.
3. Stuart dynasty
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, London was already the largest city in the British Empire and Europe at that time. The London fire in 1666 destroyed most of the buildings in London, but immediately after the fire, London began to rebuild for as long as 10. During this period, landmark buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral began to start construction.
4,19th century
London experienced a large-scale development in the Victorian era, including the opening of the world's first subway, the operation of buses, and the railway lines connecting all directions, which made London's urban appearance and traffic look brand-new. /kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, the population of London suddenly decreased, and a large number of new buildings turned London from a city with George style into a city with Victorian characteristics.
The 5th and 20th centuries
1900- 1939
London during World War II
Main project: London bombing
Firefighters are putting out the flames at the explosion site of World War II. London, like other British cities, suffered serious damage. The biggest is the London bombing (the? Before the bombing, hundreds of thousands of children and teenagers were forced to evacuate to the countryside to take refuge. Civilians took shelter from the air raid in the underground station.
The most violent bombing occurred between September 7th 1940 and May 10. During this period, London suffered 7 1 bombing, totaling 1.8 million tons of high explosives. A photo of St. Paul's Cathedral shrouded in smoke became a symbol of this period. When Hitler concentrated on the eastern front, the bombing began to decrease gradually. At the end of the war, during 1944 and 1945, London was attacked by the latest V- 1 and V-2 rockets developed by the Nazis.
London suffered serious damage and huge casualties in the bombing, especially in London Harbor. By the end of the war, at least 30,000 people were killed, more than 50,000 people were seriously injured, tens of thousands of buildings were destroyed and hundreds of thousands of people were homeless.
6. London fire
London fire (great? Fire? Yes? London), which happened from September 2 to 5, 1666, was the worst fire in the history of London, England, and destroyed many buildings, including St. Paul's Cathedral.
Sunday, September 2nd 1666 Puding Lane, London (Puding? A bakery caught fire. A strong wind quickly blew the flames through several narrow streets full of wooden houses, and then entered some warehouses on the north bank of the Thames. The fire burned the whole city for four days, including 87 churches, 44 companies and 13000 houses, and about one-sixth of the buildings in London, the largest city in Europe, were burned. Later, a monument was erected near Puding Lane, with a height of 6 1.5 meters and a step of 3 1 1. At the top of the monument is a ball surrounded by flame decorations. It was made by British astronomer and architect Christopher Wren. Christopher. Wren), the reconstruction work was led by Ryan, who redesigned 5 1 of 54 churches, including the famous St. Paul's Cathedral.
7. Fire and plague
The year before the London fire (1665), plague broke out in Europe, and more than 60,000 people died in London alone. In the three months since June 1665, the population of London has decreased by one tenth. The plague spread from London, and the British royal family fled London and stayed in Oxford. All the rich people in the city fled with their families, and the patients' houses were marked with red chalk. There are no more troublesome lawsuits in London because all the legal professionals have moved to the countryside. 1666 At 2 a.m. on September 2nd, Farinaud, a baker in Pudding Lane, forgot to turn off the oven for baking bread, which caused the fire to get out of control. Pudding Lane is located in the center of the crowded area in the old city of London, and it is also a garbage dump in the nearby Eastchip market, where ordinary people live. A year ago, King Charles wrote to the mayor of London, urging him to implement strict blackout. When the fire broke out, the mayor of London received a fire notice in the early hours of the morning, but he didn't care. It was Sunday and he was not in the mood to work. In the afternoon, the fire had spread to the Thames, and the result was out of control. As of Wednesday, 65,438+0,300 houses, churches and 300 hectares of land in 87 parishes in London were burned. St Paul's Cathedral was burned and the ancient tomb was destroyed, revealing a corpse that looked like a mummy.
Old St. Paul's Cathedral was burned down by Vic Thomas (Thomas? Wyck), 1673, only eight people were killed in the London fire, and most citizens had enough time to escape from the disaster area. Unfortunately, the post road in London is crowded with hand-pushed trolleys loaded with all kinds of property. And the London fire completely cut off the plague problem in London since 1665. The fire killed a lot of mice, and the mice in the cellar had no hiding place at all. After the reconstruction of London, the original wooden house was replaced by a stone house, personal hygiene was improved and the plague no longer broke out. Diary master samuel pepys (Samuel? Pepys faithfully recorded the successive plagues and fires in his diary. "I was extremely upset when I saw the horror of the plague, so I had to chew tobacco in my mouth to avoid the invasion of bacteria." "I got out of bed, put on my pajamas, went to the window, thought the fire was behind the farthest March, and then went to bed and fell asleep."
The urgent need to rebuild London after the fire strongly stimulated domestic demand. Hook, a scientist, became a master architect at this time. After the London fire, he worked as a surveyor and a city inspector in London. 1 666 65438+1October1,architect Sir Ryan (Sir? Christopher. Wren) put forward the restoration plan of the whole city of London after the disaster, in which the project of St. Paul's Cathedral was completed from 1675 to 17 10, with a total cost of 750,000 pounds. His other architectural projects include Royal Kensington Palace, Hampton Palace, Fire Memorial Column, Royal Exchange and Greenwich Observatory. These projects started the rapid development of British economy. Defoe said that without the fire, the economy of London and even Britain would not have improved so quickly.
8. Jack the Ripper
Jack the Ripper ('Jack? That? Ripper') is a murderer. He killed at least five prostitutes in Whitechapel, East London, from1August 7, 888 to 1654381October 9. During the crime, the murderer repeatedly wrote to the relevant units to provoke, but never fell into the French Open. Its bold criminal tactics were repeatedly exaggerated by the media, which caused panic in British society at that time. He is still one of the most notorious killers in European and American cultures.
Although the case has passed for a hundred years, books and related research on the case have never stopped. Due to the lack of evidence, the identity of the real murderer and the real reason for committing the crime are still controversial, which makes the case more confusing. However, Jack the Ripper's figure is constantly appearing in today's popular culture through media, rock music, toys and other items.
1 criminal process
The location of the ripper's crime is concentrated in East London (East? End? Yes? London) is near Whitechapel. At that time, it was a famous immigration distribution center, and tens of thousands of immigrants from Russia or Eastern Europe settled here. These immigrants have low incomes, and their settlements have become hotbeds of poverty and crime. There are homeless hooligans and prostitutes in the street. Although Scotland Yard has established a city-wide patrol network in 1829, the weak police force is still unable to undertake the security work in the East District where tens of thousands of prostitutes haunt every night.
A serial murder in Whitechapel
The first message sent by the suspected killer was "Dear? Boss "1On August 7th, 888, a female corpse was found dead in the eastern black church. The deceased was Martha Tambran (Martha? Tabram), he has thirty-nine swords on him, nine of which pass through his throat. At 3: 45 am on August 3 1 of the same year, another woman, Mary? Ann? Nichols was found dead in the livestock pen near Whitechapel (Buck? Row), aged 43.
Because there are few murders near the church, these two cases and several previous murders have aroused public concern, and some media even refer to the "White Church serial murder" (The? Whitechapel? Murder) said it was the same murderer. This vivid description caused panic among local residents, so the police sent more plainclothes detectives to patrol here, and local residents also organized patrols to maintain law and order. This makes people believe that such cases will not be repeated.
Unexpectedly, eight days later, at 5: 45 am on September 8, a man lived in Hanbury Street (Hanbury? Street)29, the old driver found a female body in the back fence of his cheap hotel-style apartment. The deceased was 47-year-old prostitute Anne Chapman (Annie? Chapman). Like the previous victim, her throat was cut, her abdomen was cut, her intestines were left on her right shoulder, and part of her uterus and abdomen were cut off by the murderer. He had obvious ligature marks on his neck. It is said that he called for help before he died, but he ignored it. Because it was the first time that the murderer committed a crime near the house, it was still close to 5 am, but there was no obvious noise. This case became the most famous case committed by the murderer who will be called the Ripper in the future.
The second message from the suspected murderer: "Saucy? Jack "on September 27th, Central News Agency (Central? News? Agency) received a letter written in red ink, covered with fingerprints and signed "Jack the Ripper" (Jack? That? In the letter, he joked that he was the murderer of prostitutes and claimed that he would continue to kill more prostitutes before he was arrested. As the title of this letter is "Dear Boss" (Dear? Boss), and then sent the first letter to the murderer who called in the future.
Comic 1888 published by Ice Hockey magazine on September 29th: The Avengers is neglected. At one o'clock in the morning on September 30th, a coachman found Elizabeth Stade (Elizabeth? Step) body. Unlike the first two victims, the 44-year-old Swedish prostitute died of excessive blood loss from the left carotid artery. Although her throat was cut, she did not have a laparotomy. Because of the different modus operandi, some people suspect that the murderer in this case is not directly related to the first two murders by caesarean section.
Just as a large number of police arrived at Elizabeth Staade's morgue, at about 1 45 in the morning, Catherine Aidos, a 46-year-old prostitute (Catherine? Eddowes) was found dead in Bishop's Square (Mitre? Square). In addition to being cut throat and laparotomy, the intestines were thrown to the right chest, and some uterus and kidneys were deprived. Since the patrol police claimed that there was nothing unusual here at 1 30, it was inferred that the deceased was killed between 1 30 and 1 45, and his abdomen was cut open. The murderer's quick modus operandi made most people think that he might be a professional surgeon.
At three o'clock in the morning, a police officer searching for suspicious suspects was on gaston Street (Goulston? Street) found a piece of clothing stained with blood, which was identified as part of Kathleen Erdos' apron. On the high wall near where the clothes fell, a line written in chalk by the suspected murderer was found: "Jews are not a nation willing to be resented!" " ("that? Juvis. Is it? Isn't it? That? Men? That? Will. Is it? Accused? For what? Nothing. " ), but another policeman remembered that the content of the line was "Jews are a people who want to be resented!" ("that? Juvis. Is it? That? Men? That? Will. Isn't it? Is it? Accused? For what? Nothing. " )。 After that, the police chief Thomas Arnold (Thomas? Arnold) came to the scene and read this message. He was worried that the graffiti on the wall would be seen by passers-by after dawn, but it aroused anti-Semitism and ordered it to be erased on the spot.
The last victim
The next day, 10, 1, the Central News Agency received another postcard with the words written in red ink. In the letter, the writer claimed to be "naughty" (naughty? Jacky), and mentioned that he intends to "do two things the next day"-generally believed to be two murders of Elizabeth Stade and Kathleen Aidos in the early morning of September 30th. In addition, the author mentioned that he planned to cut off the dead man's ear and send it to the police, which was similar to the case where the external ear of Kathleen Erdos was damaged. Finally, the writer left his signature "Jack the Ripper". In the future, this writer will call himself "naughty" ("naughty? Jackie ") Write the address on the letter.
The third message sent by the suspected murderer: "From? Hell "10 On June 5438+05, a letter was sent to the Whitechapel Alert Committee (Whitechapel? Alert? This letter has attracted everyone's attention again. There is half a kidney in this letter, which is written in black ink. The screenwriter claimed to be "from hell" and said that this kidney was taken from "a certain woman" (generally believed to be Catherine Erdos), and half of it was fried and eaten by him. Different from the previous two letters, this letter has no signature, and people will use "from hell" ("from? Hell ") named this letter. Compared with the first two letters, it is generally believed that this letter is most likely written by the murderer himself.
1October 9 165438+A Dorset? The landlord on the street asked his assistant to find Mary Jane Kelly (Mary? Jane? Kelly's room was unpaid for six weeks, but the 25-year-old young prostitute was found dead in bed through the window: she was naked, with ligature marks on her neck, her chest and abdomen cut open, and her ears, nose and breasts were cut off. It is said that the murderer took her to a nearby fireplace to cook and eat (but some people think she was taken away by the murderer). One neighbor claimed that Kelly was alive at 8: 30 last night, that is,165438+1October 8 (although her description of Kelly's appearance was not completely correct), and another neighbor claimed that she heard a miserable female scream around 4 am that day. But what is certain is that Kelly appeared in the bar at 10 the night before the body was found.
After the murder of Mary Jane Kelly, Jack the Ripper seems to have disappeared: there is no similar murder method in London, and the media's interest in this murder has gradually faded. However, the police mobilized a lot of manpower, but failed to solve the case, which was criticized by people from all walks of life in Britain, including Queen Victoria, and led to changes in the top management of the police. 1892, the police announced that they would stop investigating the serial murders in Whitechapel.
Letter from the Ripper
Throughout the ripper's crime, the police and the newspaper industry received hundreds of letters about the case. Some letters come from people who wholeheartedly provide information to help catch the murderer, but most letters are ignored because they are considered not helpful to the case.
Perhaps among the hundreds of letters, the most attractive ones are those claiming that the murderer wrote them himself. Most of these letters are considered as scams. Many experts pointed out that "none of these letters are true", but they probably contain the real murderer. Verified by modern and present authorities, three letters are the most striking:
"Dear Boss" Letter: The date is September 25th, the postmark is September 27th, and the recipient is Central News Agency (Central? News? Agency), was sent to Scotland Yard on September 29th. At first, this letter was considered as a scam, but when aldous's body was found to have one ear partially cut off, this letter proved to be "cutting off the ladies' ears" ("editing? That? Ladies. Ears? Close ") attracts people's attention. The police released this letter on June 10, hoping that someone could recognize the handwriting in the letter, but in vain. The name "Jack the Ripper" first appeared in this letter, and gained world-class notoriety after it was published. Most meaningless letters imitate the style of this letter. After the serial murder, the police announced that the letter was a scam by local journalists. ?
Naughty Jack postcard: postmarked 1 888101October1,addressed to Central News Agency (Central? News? Institutions), the handwriting in the text is similar to "Dear boss letter". The letter mentioned two victims? (that is, Stoddard and aldous) will die very close: "Two things at this time" ("Double? Events? This? Time. " )。 Controversially, the letter was sent before the murder was announced, and it doesn't look like it was written by a weirdo with such criminal knowledge, although the postmark was sent 24 hours before the murder, and the details behind it were also known to local residents and journalists. Later, the police station announced that it had confirmed that the letter was written by a specific reporter, who was also the author of Dear Boss's Letter. ?
Letter from Hell: aka Lusk? Letter) postmarked 65438+1October 65438+May, George Lusko (George? Lusk) received in June 1888 10 16. When Lusko opened the small box attached to the letter, he found half a kidney in it. The doctor who kept it in the spirit of wine (ethanol) said that this is a human kidney. One of aldous's kidneys was taken away by the murderer, and the doctor thought that the kidney sent to Lusco was "like the one taken by Catherine aldous", although his findings were very unreliable. The author of this letter claimed that the other half of the kidney had been "fried and eaten". The story about this kidney is inconsistent: some people insist that it belongs to aldous, but others think it is just a "horrible prank, that's all."
In some places, another letter will be listed, that is, the date is 1888 September 17, which is considered as the first message using the name Jack the Ripper. Experts believe that this is a modern fake that was only put into police files in the 20th century, and it has been a long time since the ripper committed the crime. They realized that the letter had no police seal to check the date of receipt, and no early investigator had checked whether it was potential evidence. In addition, there was no mention of this letter in any police file at that time. Some people who read the letter claimed that it was written with a ballpoint pen, which was invented more than 50 years after committing crimes in Jack the Ripper.
Three suspects
Although Jack the Ripper has attracted the attention of the whole world, so far, there is no clear evidence that the murderer is a specific person. On the contrary, with the passage of time, more and more researchers, more and more suspects were recognized by everyone, and their identities were all over London at that time; On the contrary, those suspects who are traditionally considered to be the most suspected are gradually cleared after more information is released. Here, the well-known suspects will be listed.
The following are the suspects that the police think are likely to be Jack the Ripper (but please note that there is no evidence to confirm that they are the real murderers):
A. montague John Druid (montague? John? Drouth)
(1 857 August15—18881888 February1): after obtaining the lawyer status, it was changed from 188 1 to/kloc-0. Besides, he is also a famous athlete and amateur cricketer. For some unknown reason,18888165438+1October 19 was last seen in a school in Blackheath and was declared missing two days later. His body was found floating on the Thames. The results of the examination showed that his body had sunk to the bottom of the river for several weeks because of putting a big stone in his pocket. Therefore, the police concluded that he drowned himself in frustration. Because the time of his disappearance and death was not far from the fifth murder, and the murder did not happen after his death, many investigators thought he was the ripper at that time. However, recent research shows that between Kelly's murder and death, he served as a legal representative in court, and according to court records, he also argued about his seat for a long time. Some people think that this refutes Du Lide's claim that he had a nervous breakdown after Kelly's case, but what about Sir Maiwei McNaird's case? Melville? Macnaghten) memorandum, that is, the first document, thinks that Du Lide is under suspicion and the lawyer is mistaken for a doctor, and further infers that Frederick abel? The detective suspected that Du Lide was involved in a serious crime.
B. Severin Antonino krassovsky (Severin? Anthony Ovics? Chloe Soschi):? Severin Antonino krassovsky (Severin? Anthony Ovics? Chloe Soschi)?
The pen name is Chapman, but it has nothing to do with the victim Anne Chapman. He was born in Kassov, Apollo, but was named Chapman when he came to England. He lived in London at that time. He is a violent man and may have some medical knowledge. Later, he was hanged for the exact crime of poisoning three women. He was once considered the most likely murderer by Frederick Avery? .
C. Allen Kominski (Aaron? Cosminschi)
(1864 or 1865—19 19): a member of the Jewish community in London, 189 1 was sent to a mental sanatorium for treatment in February. He was listed as one of the suspects in the memo of police chief Maiwei McNadine on the grounds that he looked like "the man seen by the London patrol" near Bishop's Square (this statement can only be found in this document. Some researchers think that McNader really refers to Joseph Lowenday, a witness of the London police, but others have come up with another explanation: there is no authoritative information to show that anyone appeared near the square that night. Assistant CEO Robert anderson? Anderson) and inspector Donald Svencen (Donald? Swanson's comments all claimed that "only people with good eyesight can see the murderer." Although there are many statements, this may refer to the witness israel Schwartz. However, they claimed that it was impossible to prosecute because witnesses were unwilling to give evidence against Jews. Svencen mentioned in the margin of the report that this man was Kominski, and added that his brother's home was next to the London Police Station in Whitechapel. He was sent to a mental hospital with his hands tied behind his back and died soon. The last two details about Kominski are incorrect because he lived to 19 19. His symptoms of insanity include auditory hallucinations, fear of being eaten by others and refusal to wash and dress. In the yard, he was described as a harmless figure, even though he once waved a chair at the waiter in the yard. In recent years, most researchers believe that he will be included in the suspect list, and the anti-Semitic plot at the time of the murder is more influential than the correlation between his symptoms and the case.
D. Francis Talbright "Doctor" ("Doctor"? Francis? Rolling)
(about 1833- 1903): I seem to be an American, with no education and no self-study. He pretended to be a professional doctor and traveled all over the United States and Canada, occasionally going to Europe to do the same thing. He considers himself a condescending woman and often associates death with his patients, although he is not sure whether it is intentional or unintentional. Francis was arrested in England on 1888, 1 1.7 on the grounds of "being accused of indecent behavior", which was obviously aimed at his preference for homosexual sex. 1 16 years 10 months 16 days was released on bail pending trial. He fled to the countryside on June 24th while awaiting trial 165438+ prepared to go to France. Some people thought that he could commit the murder of Mary Jane Kelly (165438+1October 9) in time after he got out of prison, and then he was arrested. The news of his arrest made some people think that he was the ripper, because there were many notorious fraud cases in America. Whether he is a killer or just a weirdo with improper suspicion is still controversial. Tablett was considered as a suspect. Many years after the murder, a London policeman mentioned this in a letter to reporters, but no one knew that the policeman was directly involved in the investigation of the Ripper case. However, the statement that Scotland Yard sent police to the United States at 1888 to try to bring Talbright back is still controversial in recent years.
E. Dr. Thomas Neil Kning (? Thomas? Neil? Cream)
(1850may-1892165438+10/6): A doctor who specializes in clandestine abortion. Born in Scotland, educated in London, practiced in Canada, and then transferred to Chicago, Illinois, USA. At 188 1, he was found responsible for poisoning several of his patients, both men and women. At first, there was no suspicion of homicide in this incident, but Kelly himself asked to investigate these bodies, which was obviously an attempt to arouse his interest. After that, he was detained in Park Jung Su Illinois Prison and released on July 3 189 1 for good behavior. After starting a new life in London, he was accused of murder again and was arrested. June 1892+065438+ 10/6 was hanged. According to some sources, his last words before he died were: "I am Jack …" ("Me? Me? Jack ... ") This sentence is interpreted as meaning Jack the Ripper, but it may also be silenced by the hood. It is said that the ripper was serving his sentence in prison when he committed the crime. However, some books think that he can bribe a police officer to leave the prison before he is officially released, or leave a body in his cell, body double, but these two statements are not supported by authoritative data.
Four other theories about the ripper
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and William Stewart put forward a further theory that a female murderer was dressed as Jack the Ripper. Supporters of this theory believe that the work of a female murderer is a midwife. She can wear bloody clothes without attracting attention and suspicion, and she is more likely to gain the trust of the victims than men. This theory holds that a suspect who fits the description is mary pierce (Mary? Pearcey), she killed her lover's wife and children between 1890 and 10. Although there is no indication that she is a midwife.
5 the influence of media and culture
The murder of the Ripper marks an important turning point in modern British life. Although it is not clear who was the first serial killer, Jack the Ripper was the first killer who created global media to report the murder. 1855 the reform of the stamp tax law has enabled low-cost newspapers to have a wider circulation. In the late Victorian era, the newspaper industry developed rapidly, including newspapers as cheap as half a penny and popular magazines such as Pictorial? Police? The release of news, etc. Finally, the ripper gained unprecedented popularity. These characteristics, coupled with no one being convicted, created an unforgettable horror legend, which cast a shadow over the emergence of serial killers later.
Some people think that the nickname "killer" was invented by newspaper staff in order to fabricate fascinating stories and sell more newspapers. This practice later became a widely recognized standard, and a famous example is the Boston strangler (The? Boston? Stranger), Green River Black Boy (Gary? Ridgway. Green? River? Black boy), Hillside strangler (Hillside? Stranger) and zodiac (zodiac? Black boy), and the Yorkshire Ripper (Peter? Sutcliffe, Yorkshire? Ripper), this is almost a hundred years after the murder. In addition, in the1960s, The Times Naked Murder (The Times? Naked? Murder ") Unknown murderer, also called stripper Jack by the media ("Jack? That? Stripper)
The poor East District has long been ignored by the rich society, but the appearance of serial murders and victims has to arouse people's concern about its living conditions. This concern means that social reformers at that time were finally able to make the rich class listen and believe that something must be done to help the poor. In a letter sent by Bernard Shaw to Star magazine, he sarcastically commented on this sudden concern of the media:
When we social Democrats waste a lot of time on education, encouragement and organization, some completely independent geniuses control these tasks. Only through murder and four heartbroken women, they turn these bourgeois media into clumsy and incompetent communism.
In addition, Jack the Ripper has become a symbolic figure in many novels, whether as the main character or a more peripheral character (see Jack the Ripper's novels). The Ripper also appears in popular culture in another form.
Many music composers such as MOT & amp； OumlRhead), Macabre, Roland Kirk (Roland? Kirk), morrissey, nick cave and Bad Seeds (Nick? Cave? And then what? That? Not good? Seed), LL Cool Jie (LL? Is it cool? J), white stripes (The? White? Stripes), Jewish priests (Judas? Pastor), sickle reaper (Grimm? Harvester), Queen & ampyumlche, Univers? Zero Falconer, my alternative romance (my? Chemistry? Love), link? Ray, that? Legend? Pink? Dots, frozen soil (frozen? Earth), Bob Dylan, Blessing? (orchestra), whistling god Saatchi (screaming? Lord? Sutch), Leslie? Both Fish and Nationalteatern mentioned or quoted Jack the Ripper as the title of the song in their albums. Spitalfield, a popular Chicago band, chose this group name because its members thought it described a village troubled by Jack the Ripper, but in fact it was not a village, but a lot in East London.
Many companies, such as McFarlane Toy Company (McFarlane? Toys), also produce dolls or toys from Jack the Ripper, and sometimes even cause protests. The families of the victims killed by serial killer Robert Pinkerton objected to the sale of Ripper dolls in Vancouver Viking Supermarket.
In 2006, Jack the Ripper was selected into the BBC History Magazine, and was voted the worst Englishman in history by readers.