The invasion of foreign capitalism aroused the anti-aggression struggle of the people of China. Lin Zexu, a great patriot, was the first to organize newspaper translation and use foreign newspaper materials to judge the international situation in order to formulate anti-aggression measures. These translated newspaper materials were later edited into Macau Monthly and Macau Newsprint. Some translations were presented to Daoguang.
Newspapers run by China people began in the 1970s. Hong Kong's Circular Daily and Shanghai's Report are its important representatives. 1895, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and the situation of being divided up by imperialist powers was imminent. The reformists, represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, raised the banner of reform and reform, and quickly established Chinese and foreign news, current affairs news, National News, Hunan News and other newspapers, forming the first 1 climax of China people's newspaper. A group of advanced intellectuals entered the press, wrote a large number of current political papers with pens as a weapon, and publicized new ideas and knowledge, which had a great social impact. In the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionaries, represented by Sun Yat-sen, founded China Daily, People's Daily, People's Daily and Dajiang Daily to publicize revolutionary ideas. Both reformists and revolutionaries have written many popular political papers in the fierce debate in newspapers and periodicals. Newspapers and periodicals are mainly political essays, and many politicians devote themselves to newspaper activities, closely combining with political struggles, which has had a great influence on China's journalism. 1904, ZTE, the earliest news agency run by China people, was established in Guangzhou.
19 1 The Revolution of 1911, which overthrew the feudal monarchy, brought another climax to the development of the newspaper industry. 19 12 years, the total number of newspapers and periodicals in China reached 495, four times that of 190 1 year. Yuan Shikai usurped the achievements of the Revolution of 1911, restored the monarchy, and once restricted the newspaper industry. But after his collapse, the newspaper industry recovered. At that time, warlords scuffled, politics was chaotic, newspapers and periodicals lived and died, but they always lived and died, showing great vitality.
19 19 the may 4th movement formed another development climax of journalism in China and became the beginning of a new era. The most important newspaper in this period was New Youth magazine, which held high the banner of scientific democracy, lashed out at China's feudal cultural thoughts for thousands of years, and blew the horn of the New Culture Movement. During the May 4th Movement, students ran newspapers, such as Xiangjiang Review edited by Mao Zedong and Tianjin Federation of Students Newspaper edited by Zhou Enlai. With the continuous development of new thoughts promoted by newspapers and periodicals, the fierce confrontation between old and new thoughts in newspapers and periodicals has also been launched frequently. As a result, the new ideological trend won victory and Marxism was widely spread. During the May 4th Movement, the reform of newspapers and periodicals also made great achievements. Newspapers and periodicals have become the main positions to discuss current affairs, and vernacular Chinese has been widely promoted. The supplement has become a garden to introduce new culture, new knowledge and new ideas, and has become an important feature of China newspapers.
192 1 China * * * the birth of the production party had a great impact on the development of journalism in China. China * * * production party attaches great importance to proletarian journalism, and many leaders, such as Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and Mao Zedong, have personally run newspapers. Newspapers and periodicals in the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Communist Youth League, such as Guide, China Youth and Hot Blood Daily, occupy an important position in the history of journalism development in China. After the establishment of the revolutionary base area, newspapers such as Red China and Red Star (China) were published in the early 1930s. 193 1 10 red China news agency (renamed Xinhua news agency in 1937) was established, which broke the news blockade of the Kuomintang against the Soviet area. During the Northern Expedition, the two parties jointly published a large number of newspapers and periodicals to create momentum for anti-imperialist and anti-feudal propaganda. Later, in the Kuomintang-ruled area of China, China * * * founded underground newspapers such as Red Flag Daily, while China Kuomintang established its own huge news network. Commercial newspapers such as Shenbao and China News continued to develop in the face of difficulties, while Ta Kung Pao and Li Bao were also active for some time. 1937 War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out and the two sides cooperated for the second time. 1938 65438+ 10, China's * * * production party published the organ newspaper Xinhua Daily in the Kuomintang-ruled area, and the national * * * two parties once jointly organized the newspaper Wang Jiu Daily, which was a United front in the cultural field. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the number of newspapers and periodicals in the "rear area" and the anti-Japanese democratic base areas surged. By 1944 and 10, more than100 newspapers had been published in the Kuomintang areas. Journalism in the anti-Japanese democratic base areas has also made great progress. Newspapers such as Xinhua Daily, Xinhua Daily, North China Edition, Popular Daily, Anti-Japanese Daily, Dawn Daily, Jinchaji Daily and Jianghuai Daily have played an important role in mobilizing people to persist in the war of resistance behind enemy lines. 1940 ends, Yan 'an Xinhua Radio Station starts broadcasting. 194 1 year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China founded Liberation Daily (Yan 'an), a central organ newspaper, which was published daily in the revolutionary base areas. At the same time, a large number of overseas Chinese newspapers and periodicals, presided over by famous journalists and writers such as Wang, Wang, Yu Dafu, devoted themselves to anti-Japanese propaganda and effectively played the role of educating and mobilizing local overseas Chinese.
China's broadcasting industry began in the 1920s. The earliest radio stations, like newspapers and news agencies in early modern China, were founded by foreigners. 1 In June, 1926, Harbin Radio Station, a1radio station run by China people, started broadcasting. 1 before the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in June, 937, there were more than 200,000 radios in China, and in June, 947, there were110,000 radios.
Under the semi-feudal and semi-colonial social conditions, fighting for the liberation of China people has always been the mainstream of China's progressive news. Its grand and arduous historical task is rare in the world, and its colorful and touching career is also outstanding in the history of world news. As soon as the newspapers and periodicals led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) appeared, they stood at the forefront of the times and became firm representatives of the progressive trend. It not only unites the forces of the Northern Warlords and Kuomintang areas to carry out complicated propaganda and agitation work, but also goes deep into the countryside and combines with millions of peasants, creating the experience of running newspapers under the party-led regime. Its tenacious revolutionary spirit, rich art of struggle, the quality of being loyal to the Party's line, the style of keeping close contact with the people and its unique professional experience set a brilliant example for proletarian journalism.
With the establishment of 1949 People's Republic of China (PRC), journalism in China has entered a new historical period. In the process of liberating Chinese mainland, the people's government took over the newspapers, radio stations and news agencies run by various systems of the former Kuomintang party, government and army, and founded the organ newspaper of the China * * * production party and mass organizations newspapers in large and medium-sized cities after liberation, and established people's journalism throughout the country. 1950 There are 140 newspapers distributed through the post office in China (excluding Taiwan Province Province, the same below), with a total of 2.3 million copies issued in each issue. Xinhua News Agency has gradually established a unified and centralized national news agency. The people's government has also made great efforts to develop people's broadcasting, including the establishment of a broadcasting network.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), how to adapt journalism to the ever-changing new situation has always been a concern of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the people's government. 1950 19 In April, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made the Decision on Criticism and Self-criticism in Newspapers and Periodicals, which clarified the great significance and basic principles that newspapers and periodicals should follow when the Party leads the national political power. On April 23 of the same year, the Information Office of the Central People's Government issued the Decision on Improving Newspaper Work, which emphasized that newspapers should focus on reporting people's productive labor and publicize experiences and lessons in production and financial management in order to adapt to the situation that the whole country is gradually shifting to production and construction as the center. On July 1954 and 17, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China made the Resolution on Improving Newspaper Work, which discussed and instructed how newspapers should strengthen party spirit and ideology, keep close contact with reality and the masses, correctly carry out criticism and self-criticism, strengthen theoretical propaganda, improve economic propaganda, strengthen criticism and improve news reporting after entering the period of socialist construction. These decisions and resolutions have played an important guiding role in news work.
In 1950s, journalism in China developed rapidly. By 1960, the number of newspapers reached 1274, and the total circulation reached 2 104 10000. 1957, there were 6 1 radio stations and 1698 cable radio stations in China. Broadcasting has become an important source of information and cultural knowledge for people in rural and remote areas. 1 May, 958 1 Day, ChinaNo.1TV Station-Beijing TV Station (later renamed CCTV) was piloted.
In the 1960s, due to the serious national economic difficulties, the political turmoil of the "Cultural Revolution" lasted for 10 years, and the journalism in China was devastated. In the late 1960s, most newspapers stopped publishing. Newspapers, radio and television in various places basically have no news compiled and edited by themselves, and often reprint manuscripts issued by Xinhua News Agency.
1978 12 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Chinese Production Party, China's journalism has entered a new historical development period. By the end of 1988, there were 1628 newspapers registered for public distribution, and a total of 13789 newspapers were distributed through the post office, and a large number of newspapers were distributed by themselves. In addition, a large number of newspapers are registered for internal distribution. China has/kloc-0 newspaper for every five people and 49 daily newspapers for every thousand people. News organizations have also made new progress. By the end of 1988, Xinhua News Agency had 3/kloc-0 branches in China and 98 branches and 4 general branches abroad. Send 40,000-50,000-word Chinese press releases to domestic central newspapers, 30,000-40,000-word Chinese press releases to provincial and municipal newspapers, and10,000-word Chinese press releases to prefecture-level and county-level newspapers every day, and use them in domestic radio and TV stations. At the same time, news is broadcast to foreign countries in Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic every day. Xinhua News Agency has developed into one of the six major news agencies in the world. The articles issued by China News Agency, which specializes in contributing to Chinese newspapers and radio stations in various countries, are also welcomed by overseas users. The development of radio and television industry is faster. By 1987, there were 386 radio stations,10/6 radio transmitters, and 330 million radios and tape recorders. There are 366 TV stations, TV transmitting stations and relay stations 17570, and TV sets1.1.600 million.
By the end of 1987, there were 3/kloc-0 newspapers in Taiwan Province province, with a total daily circulation of over 3.5 million. There are 33 broadcasting companies, including 3 TV companies. 1988 65438+ 10 1 After the Taiwan Province provincial authorities lifted the ban on newspapers, many new newspapers were allowed to publish. By the end of 1988, there were nearly 80 newspapers in Taiwan Province Province. There are more than 500 Chinese and foreign newspapers and periodicals published in Hong Kong, as well as two radio stations and two television companies. There are 6 Chinese daily newspapers and 5 Portuguese newspapers in Macao.