1 Does it conform to the historical development trend?
2 whether it promotes the development of productive forces
Is it in line with the interests and aspirations of the people?
4 Evaluate historical events in a specific historical environment, and evaluate the subjective purpose and objective function respectively.
5 Specific analysis of specific historical events
6. Looking at the overall situation, dialectically splitting into two, and looking at the mainstream-such as the merits and demerits of historical figures (whether the merits are greater than the merits or demerits).
Basic principles of historical evaluation
Historical evaluation refers to the analysis and judgment of historical events, figures and opinions. Use the viewpoints of dialectical materialism and historical materialism to make correct and objective judgments.
When evaluating history, we must pay attention to the following three principles:
First, adhere to a standard.
Productivity is the ultimate driving force of historical development, an important part of history and the most fundamental criterion for evaluating historical phenomena.
In history, all the people and things that promote the development of productive forces and human society are progressive, but on the contrary, they are negative and backward.
Second, use two viewpoints.
On the one hand, we should examine and comment on the historical events, figures and viewpoints under the historical conditions at that time from a historical point of view, instead of demanding the ancients from the present perspective; On the other hand, it is necessary to examine and analyze the evaluation object comprehensively and bilaterally from a dialectical point of view, and make clear the enthusiasm and passivity, progress and backwardness of the evaluation object.
Third, pay attention to a method.
"Discussing from history" and "combining history with theory" are the basic principles and methods of studying and studying history.
The evaluation of history should not be groundless and subjective. All conclusions should come from facts. Only by adhering to the spirit of "not only books, but also teachers" can we draw a fair, objective and reasonable conclusion.
◆ Basic level of historical evaluation
1. property: refers to the characteristics of historical events and historical phenomena.
2. Essence: the fundamental problem reflected by events and phenomena (that is, essence)-looking at essence through phenomena 3. Negative effects: thinking from the perspective of harm/limitation/deficiency 4. Positive effect: usually called meaning.
◆ Basic methods of historical evaluation
Evaluation of historical figures:
(1) qualitative evaluation is the overall evaluation; -Kang Liang is a bourgeois reformer and Sun Yat-sen is a bourgeois revolutionary.
* * * is a proletarian revolutionary.
(2) Quantitative evaluation, that is, historical facts.
(3) The combination of dividing into two and looking at the mainstream.
Evaluation of historical events or phenomena:
(1) is evaluated in a specific historical environment as required.
(2) It is necessary to combine the background, characteristics, functions and influences. And look at the evaluation angle.
Principles of historical evaluation
Generally speaking, the historical evaluation should first adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts, that is, the evaluation should be objective and true, and should conform to the overall description of people and things.
In order to achieve this goal, we need to look at the problem historically, that is, look at the problem in a changing way and put ourselves in the other's shoes.
Under this premise, historical evaluation generally has historical evaluation scale and moral evaluation scale.
Historical evaluation or historical scale of evaluation refers to putting the evaluated person or thing in the long-term historical development process to see whether it conforms to the objective law and general trend of historical development, and focusing on its far-reaching influence and significance; The moral scale in moral evaluation or evaluation refers to measuring people or things with the general standard of good and evil.
For example, German, Italian and Japanese fascists launched the Second World War, which caused millions of deaths and huge economic losses, which was obviously a bad thing. From a historical perspective, it undermines peace and goes against the historical trend, resulting in a pause or even retrogression of historical development, which should be given a negative historical evaluation.
However, there will also be contradictions between historical scale and moral scale in evaluation. For example, Qin repaired the Great Wall and Sui repaired the River, which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths and became the fuse of the great uprising, so the moral evaluation was not good; However, the former is conducive to the stability of the national territory and the guarantee of agricultural life, and the latter has become an important channel for economic lifeline and cultural exchanges between the North and the South, so the historical evaluation is good.
In this case, although we should point out the above two aspects one by one, we should pay special attention to the historical evaluation between them, because the historical evaluation is relatively long-term and objective, while the moral scale is time-varying and subjective.