Study on the Ancient History of Zhenzhitang: Shang Dynasty was recognized as the first dynasty in China by the world historians. About 1600 BC, after defeating Wei, Gu, Kunwu and other countries, Tianyi Tang, the leader of the Shang State, pointed his finger at Daxia State. In the Battle of Mingtiao, Xia Jie was defeated and fled, and Shang Tang pursued him, captured Xia Jie alive and exiled him to Nanchao. The Shang Dynasty was established. How did the Shang Dynasty develop from a little-known tribe and finally annexed Daxia? This requires us to understand the Shang dynasty before the establishment of the Shang dynasty. About the deeds of Shang Dynasty, historical records are relatively reliable. The first one is Historical Records Yin Benji. Sima Qian lived in the early Western Han Dynasty (BC 145- 90), and it has been more than 900 years since the demise of the Shang Dynasty (about BC 1046), so Tai Shigong mainly relied on documents to write the history of the Shang Dynasty. In the annals of bamboo slips, a historical book of the Warring States period, which was earlier than Historical Records, Shang Dynasty called Shang, and Historical Records called Yin. Whether the Shang Dynasty was called Yin or Shang has always been controversial. The word "Yi Yi Shang" appeared more than once in Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, but the word "Yin" was not found. Although the word "Yin Shang" is not found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it appears frequently in the earliest poetry collection "The Book of Songs" in China. "The Book of Songs Daya Daming" says: "I will be loyal to you, and I will leave Yin Shang. . . The trip to the Shang Dynasty must be like a forest. " There is a saying in the Book of Songs: Wang Wen said that he consulted a female Yin merchant. "In a word, repeated seven times. Zhizhong was appointed Tairen, the wife of Xibohou Liji in Yin and Shang Dynasties, and the mother of Ji Chang, King of Zhou Wen. Ji Chang, the King of Wen, is the father of Ji Fa, the King of Wu. He successfully destroyed this enterprise. It can be seen that this "Yin Shang" may be the name of Shang State by Zhou and other countries. When a business dies, it is accepted, and later generations call it. The Shang Dynasty rose in the Tang Dynasty, and Shang Tang called himself King Wu. In addition to historical records, the book of songs also has the same statement. "The prince of Wu is a very pious man. If the fire is fierce, I dare to die. " According to the Book of Songs, Long Hair, "Xuan merchants flourished in the 14th century. Taishigong also said that from the ancestor of merchants (Xuan Wang) to Shang Tang, there were fourteen generations of monarchs in a * * *. They are: I: Qi Er: Zhao Ming San: Four: Chang Ruo Wu: Six: Ming Qi: Zhen Ba: Wei Jiu: Bao Ding Ten: XI: Bao Bing Twelve: Zhu Ren Thirteen: Zhu Gui Fourteen: Tianyi (Tang) 198. They are entitled "Research on the Seniors and Kings Seen in the Oracle Inscriptions of Yin Ruins" and "Research on the Seniors and Kings Seen in the Oracle Inscriptions of Yin Ruins", which show the lineage of Shang Dynasty and prove that the sages of Shang Dynasty recorded in historical books are basically reliable except for a few mistakes. Is Historical Records Yin Benji really right? In recent years, the Oracle Bone Inscriptions published in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions Examination seems to have subverted this statement. On an Oracle bone unearthed from Yin Ruins, it is recorded that the Shang king offered sacrifices to Shang Jia in Japan, Mao Yi in Yihai, Mao Bing in Bingzi, Mao Ding in word of mouth, and made promises at noon and Guiwei. 〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉〉12 ... "(National quintessence13; We can see that the two missing words are Ding Chou, when the ancestor named Shangjia died in Xu Jiari, the ancestor named Cui Yi died in Yihai Day, and the ancestor named Cui Bing died in Bingzi Day. That is, Ding Chou-ri offered sacrifices to an ancestor named Duo Ding. Mao Yi here is Baoyi in historical records. Moo is the name of a sacrifice. Moo -b is similar to Zu -b, and Zu -b, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, is the best. The stone man here is the director of historical records and the name of a sacrifice. The Book of Rites Sacrifice Law records: "Therefore, there are seven temples of Wang Li, one altar and one hill." Every month, there are sacrifices in the Examination Temple, Wang Kao Temple, Imperial Examination Temple, Xiankao Temple and Ancestor Examination Temple. "Kao, Wang Kao, Huang Kao, Xian Kao and Zukao" in the Book of Rites were used in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. This is why we have the titles of Tai Jia, Tai Wu, Bo Yi, Bo Bing, Stone Man and Shi Gui. In the Han Dynasty, no one knew this name, so Sima Qian misread it as the master Baoyi. From the above Oracle Bone Inscriptions, we can see that the sacrificial order of Shang kings in the middle and late Yin Dynasty was Shang Jia, Bo Yi, Bo Bing, Ding Bo, Shi Ren and Shi Gui. There are several secrets hidden here. First of all, Sima Qian's statement that Bao Ding is Wei's son and Baoyi is Bao Ding's son is wrong. In fact, according to the inscription order of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Cui Yi is the son of Shang Jiawei, Cui Bing is the father of Cui Ding, and Cui Ding is the great-grandson of Shang family. ""Small pawn, reported to Li Ding. The newspaper Ding died and his son did it. Baoyi died, and his son reported it to a third party. Report the death of C, and the son will not stand. The master is a pawn and the son is the leader. The main pawn, the son of heaven, is a soup. " Historical Records Yin Benji is a micro-book. He was a famous Duke of the Shang Dynasty in the pre-Shang period, Jia Wei was handsome, and the businessman reported it. In Mandarin Lu Yu, the so-called "businessman's report" actually means "businessman's report", which means that the businessman offered sacrifices to him. Second, according to the ten-day work, after A, B, C and D, it is E, G, Xin, and then nonyl and decyl. The birthday of the king can't be sorted naturally in ten days, and the date of death can't be sorted naturally in ten days. Therefore, the names of the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty here are all sacrificial names, that is, posthumous title, which was posthumously granted by the emperor after his death. However, after the establishment of Shang Dynasty, the sacrificial names of Dayi, Dading, Dajia, Dageng and Xiaojia were probably the anniversary of the death of the king. What Wei Yan could not explain was Di Xin, who died on Jiazi Day, but was later called Di Xin instead of Emperor Jia. Thirdly, this ritual was established and perfected in the late Shang Dynasty. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, the merchant (Wei Ming) was the first person named after Japan in Shang Dynasty, that is to say, the merchant was the most distinguished ancestor of Shang Tang. This can be seen from Oracle bone inscriptions, which started from many merchants. There are as many as sixty or seventy similar Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as From Shangjia to Qiang (History of Wuding: 459) and From Shangjia (History of Wuding: 5.2.4 BC). The following Oracle is extremely important. It tells the story of a Shang king who offered sacrifices such as wine to ten ancestors on B day. Here, not only the order of the ten ancestors was arranged, but also the number of sacrifices was stated, so that we can directly understand the importance that the Shang king attached to the former king at that time. According to the article, Yi Wei sacrificed wine and other things every day, namely, Shangjia 10, Bo Yi 3, Bo Bing 3, Bo Ding 3, Shi Ren 3, Da Yi 10, Da Ding 10, Da Geng 7 and Xiao Jia 3. . . . . Third and second. . . "Party B has never tasted wine, three, three, three, three, three, three, three, three. . ... "(quintessence of Chinese culture 1 12: last on 8. 14+ shanzhai Tibetan film) We have learned about it from Shangjia to Shi Gui. Judging from the number of sacrifices, merchants were the most valued among the six sages of Shang Dynasty before the Big B, so all the joint sacrifices began with merchants. The number of sacrifices made by merchants is the same as that made by Shang Tang, the founding king of Shang Dynasty, which is ten. However, there are only three of them. According to the records of this piece of Oracle bones, after the establishment of Shang Dynasty, the Wang clan consisted of Da Yi, Da Ding, Da Jia, Da Geng, Xiao Jia, Koukou, Koukou and Zu Yi ... So what is written in Historical Records? Sima Qian wrote that after the death of Tang Dynasty, the prince was too determined to die and had no children, so he passed it on to his younger brother, Waibing, and after his death, he passed it on to Ren Zhong. After Ren Zhong died, he passed it on to Tai Jia, the son of Tai Ding. "Soup collapse, prince Tai Ding died before standing, so he made Tai Ding's brother Wyck the Emperor Wyck. Emperor Waic ascended the throne for three years, collapsed, became the younger brother of Li, and assumed the throne for four years, collapsed, and Yi Yin was the son of Taiding. " "Historical Records Yin Benji" Tai Jia was unknown after he succeeded to the throne, and was demoted to Tonggong by Yi Yin. Later, Yi Yin called it Taizong. After Taizong's death, his son Wodingli, after Woding's death, his brother Taizong Li Geng. After Tai Geng's death, his son Xiao Jiali. "Emperor Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and turned against goodness, so Yi Yin was given the policy of welcoming Emperor Tai Jia. . . Yi Yin. . . Emperor Taijia is called Taizong. Taizong collapsed, and Ziwo stood firm. Woding collapsed, and my brother Taigeng stood up for Emperor Taigeng. Emperor Tai Geng collapsed, and Li Xiaojia stood up. Please look at the Yin Benji of Historical Records. As can be seen from the above Oracle Bone Inscriptions, when the Shang Dynasty offered sacrifices to the first king, the first one was Dayi, that is, Yi Tian Tang (Shang Tang), the second one was Dading, and the third one was Dajia, without Waibing and Zhong Ren. The fourth is Da Geng, and then Xiao Jia. . . Finally, Zu Yi. "Party B has never tasted wine, three, three, three, three, three, three, three, three. . . (quintessence of Chinese culture112: post-8.14+shanzhai Tibetan film) We can see that the Shang kings offered sacrifices to their ancestors, and their names were Da Yi, Da Ding, Da Jia and Da Geng, not Yi Tian, Tai Jia and Tai Geng as mentioned by Sima Qian. In this way, Da Ding, the son of Da B, that is, Tai Ding, the prince of Shang Tang mentioned in Historical Records, should have inherited the throne. It is doubtful whether Dading's younger brothers Waibing and Zhong Ren were once kings. After the death of Taijia, it is still a big question mark whether Woding is in office. At this point, we have basically figured out the real situation of VI before the establishment of Shang Dynasty and VIII after the establishment. When Shang Zhouwang offered sacrifices, the elderly ancestors didn't pay much attention to it, while the direct ancestors started from Shangjiawei. Shang Jia, Bo Yi, Bo Bing, Bo Ding, Shi Ren, Shi Gui and Da Yi are direct blood relatives of Shang Tang (Da Yi). Shang Tang was followed by Dading, Dajia, Dageng and Xiaojia. . . Even Zu Ti, including the two lost by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, I * * * VII, also very clear. From merchants to Zu Yi, * * 14th generation, this is a complete pre-Shang, early Shang Wang Shang family. Who is Shang Jiawei? Why did the later Shang king pay so much attention to him? The next article will reveal it for you.