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Why did Annan, a seemingly peaceful corner, become the throat of the Tang Dynasty?
In 860, Nanzhao troops marched south along the land of red river valley, and soon occupied Annan County in the Tang Dynasty? The good news of Jiaozhi City, Nanzhao Taihe City was filled with joy.

Nanzhao officials and ministers naively thought at the moment that since the Tang Dynasty was able to maintain a very restrained posture after winning two places in eastern Yunnan, Annan, the southernmost part of the Tang Dynasty, should let go of his destiny as before, even if he lost this place.

But no one expected that the invasion of Nanzhao was tantamount to stabbing a super hornet's nest, and the whole Tang Dynasty quickly began to mobilize. A war to crush the country is about to begin, and events cast a shadow in front of them. The eyes of the whole Tang Dynasty suddenly focused on this corner of the frontier called Annan.

Next, let's go into this period of history and take a close look at the thrilling battle of Annan between Datang and Nanzhao, and see what made both sides devote themselves to this remote place.

Annan offensive and defensive war

Kill a carbine

In the spring, in the first month, the imperial edict was given to Yong Guan and the neighboring soldiers to save Annan and attack Na Man. At that time, Li Chen assembled troops from Wuzhou, attacked barbarians and retaken Annan. ? Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

After getting the news of Nanzhao invasion, Tang Ting immediately sent an imperial edict, ordering counties such as Yongguan on Lingnan Road to send troops to rescue Annan. Judging from the reaction of the imperial court, although Tang Ting attached great importance to the Nanzhao invasion, it only regarded it as a regional accident and did not rise to the point of confrontation between countries. Therefore, the court only ordered troops from Lingnan Road and nearby Shannan and Jiannan to go to the rescue, and Nanzhao also went. The reaction in the Tang Dynasty was so fierce that we let our guard down. Even before the arrival of the regular army in the Tang Dynasty, Kun Li, the ambassador of Annan, who had just been driven out, killed a comeback and fled in a hurry.

Still can't afford it.

Nanzhao recovered Kou Annan and tried to make him anxious several times. Before the imperial court, the Hunan observer replaced him and still sent 30 thousand soldiers, including Xu, Slip, Xu, Bian, Jing, Xiang, Tan and E, to attack him. Because of the strong military situation, it is very led. ? Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

Nanzhao, who lost for the first time, was naturally unwilling. Last time, I was careless, careless.

After rest and planning, Nanzhao invaded Annan again, and at this time, Tang Ting has gradually discovered that Nanzhao is not tinkering around the edges this time, and he is coming for real.

Who's afraid of who? Nanzhao went all out, and Tang Ting naturally went all out. Soon, soldiers recruited from all over the country set out from their respective buffer zones and went to the front line of Annan. However, with the surge of Annan's military strength, Nanzhao had to retreat this time because of the powerful military strength of the Tang Dynasty, and still failed to achieve the goal of occupying Annan.

Finally gave me a chance to seize it.

Nanzhao Shuai Tuan is 50,000 for Kou Annan, and all of them are guarding Cai's attack. They sent two soldiers from Jingnan and Hunan, and three thousand from Guiguan, and were rescued by Zheng Yu in Yizhou. On the same day, Nanzhao was sandwiched into a cross toe, and Cai was attacked on both sides. He fought hard on foot and shot ten arrows. He wants to supervise the military ship that has left the coast and drowned in the sea. ? Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

Last time, because of insufficient troops, it refused to receive it. Nanzhao was forced to return to China again. As soon as he returned to China, he began to recruit soldiers and was killed soon. Datang, let's keep raising! Lift it up!

Because of Tang Ting's carelessness, he thought Nanzhao was frightened by his majestic muscles, so he left only a small number of defensive forces stationed and a large number of reinforcements evacuated to the north. After all, it costs a lot for so many troops to stay here and eat horses and chew, and they can eat Annan.

This is the time difference of Nanzhao. Although Tang Ting, who got the news, temporarily transferred troops from nearby, and troops from Jingnan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Guiguan immediately set off for Annan's front line, after all, Annan fell quickly.

The above series of offensive and defensive wars are fierce. Datang and Nanzhao are one after another, to outdo each other. The two sides launched a protracted tug-of-war around the land of Annan. Why did Nanzhao, a small parliament, frequently risk its life to provoke Datang because of Annan's land? At the same time, Annan, a remote place in the southwest, why should Tang Ting try its best to compete with Nanzhao for life and death?

In fact, in Nanzhao's view, Annan's land is related to the lifeline of the country. For the Tang Dynasty, this land of Annan cannot be lost, not only the territory, but also the security and stability of the maritime trade route.

Nanzhao:

Nanzhao, an inland regime's dream of crossing the sea

From the map, we can clearly see that Nanzhao is an inland regime, with a bunch of countries in Indochina Peninsula in the south, Tubo, a powerful plateau regime in the northwest, and Tang Dynasty, a regional power in the east.

At the same time, Nanzhao was originally fostered by the Tang Dynasty. During the period of the rapid rise of Tubo's military strength, the Tang Dynasty found it really difficult to deal with, and wanted to draw the audience who ate melons next to them to resist Tubo. At first, Nanzhao's younger brother cooperated well, and the honeymoon relationship between the two sides was also quite good.

Zhang Qian Qian Tuo, the governor of Yaozhou, alienated the tribe, so he was prevented from going from the Han Dynasty. ? Schumann interpretation

However, this younger brother has a big brother dream. Under the dispute of interests, the boat of friendship between the two sides turned over and turned to the Nanzhao of Tubo, which became an impossible dream in the Tang Dynasty.

The road to the south is not easy.

In fact, Nanzhao himself knows his own weight, which is completely different from that of the Tang Dynasty. So at first, its relationship with the Tang Dynasty was not torn, neither too cold nor too hot.

I developed to the south and extended my power to Indochina Peninsula. As a result, although we won a few small victories, we were finally forced to retreat to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, because at that time, a regional power was rising rapidly in Indo-China Peninsula, and Nanzhao finally had to retreat because of its strong national strength.

This dynasty is the famous Khmer Empire-Angkor Wat, and Angkor Wat is also one of the must-see spots for modern people to go to Cambodia. At this moment, it was the golden age of the Khmer Empire, and the powerful Angkor Wat finally made the ambitious Nanzhao people retreat.

The road to the south is impassable. What about going north? Nanzhao dare not turn against Tubo, the present boss. After all, when Nanzhao was rescued, the Tibetan cavalry broke the power of the Tang army, and the Nanzhao soldiers and civilians were always unforgettable. That's just you. I can't help it I can't afford to be provoked. You are not to be taunted.

The dream of crossing the ocean

From the names on Nanzhao map, we can see that Nanzhao people are quite generous. They can do whatever they want, without hiding anything. The purpose of expanding troops in the Eastern Festival is to fight the Tang Dynasty in the East and open up their own land. However, the commander-in-chief of Tonghai, which is close to Annan, has made their hopes clear. I want to get through the sea and let my territory lead to the sea.

The premise of going to the sea is to win the Annan area.

Annan area is the nearest place for Nanzhao to go to sea, and it is also the most realistic way. And it's good for you, that is, it's far from the powerful jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty.

Annan is the capital and belongs to Lingnan Road, but Lingnan Road is located in the east of Guangzhou. It is difficult to get from Guangzhou to Annan by land, and the road to Annan by sea is also affected by the natural environment and full of dangers.

I am so close to Annan, but Annan is in a corner of the Tang Dynasty. Nanzhao felt determined to win, and urgently needed to get through the ocean, because life without the ocean was too uncomfortable.

Embarrassed, an inland regime close to the maritime trade circle

As an inland regime, there is naturally the distress of the inland regime. Eating and drinking can be supported by Nanzhao people's taxes, but consumption is monotonous. Want to eat western food, want to eat the spices and gems of Tianzhu, you can forget it on land, but at sea, you are not at the seaside. If you want to buy it, you will be deducted by the second-hand dealer. From the Persian Gulf to Malacca, you will have to endure the price increase of the Three Buddhas, and then you will pass through Champo, Lin Yi and so on.

It's so difficult to buy things, and it's even harder to export them. I don't even have a port. If you want to sell some local products for something, you have to transport them to a coastal port for a long distance, and you have to rent a boat to hire people to travel, but these will cost a lot of money.

The closest thing to you is naturally the diplomatic country of the Tang Dynasty. If you have a bad relationship with the Tang dynasty and people don't give you convenience, you have to face a choice, whether to give up or detour to other countries to sell.

The inland regime without harbor is full of powerlessness. For the sake of local prosperity, it is necessary to leave the harbor, and Nanzhao is also full of grievances.

But you shouldn't rob it, after all, even the best places belong to others, and Datang doesn't want to come here.

In the Tang dynasty:

Trade reform in Tang dynasty

Oceanization of the Silk Road

Tongguan fell and Heluo blocked the soldiers, so he tried his best to recruit Heluo and Shuofang's troops into the country, which was called a camp. At that time, the border state of the military camp was unguarded. ? Old Tang book

Since the Anshi Rebellion, the troops stationed in the west of Longxi were ordered to retreat eastward to pacify the rebels, which led to the weak defense in Anxi and Longxi areas. Naturally, it was impossible for Tubo, who had been coveting this place, to give up this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity and quickly capture the Anxi area of Datang, which led to the impassability of land and silk roads in Datang.

The stagnation of land trade forced the Tang Empire to find another way to maintain trade exchanges between the East and the West. After all, the Tang Dynasty was still not rich, and it experienced an Anshi Rebellion. After the separation of the three towns of Heshuo, the economy of the Tang Dynasty was completely subsidized by the southeast, and the development of maritime trade became an important means to maintain the lifeline of the Tang Dynasty.

South China Sea ships and foreign ships visit Annan and Guangzhou every year. ? Supplement to Tang Shi

Tang set up a city department in Guangzhou to attract ships at sea. ? Zitongzhi Jianbu

Soon, shipping companies in Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou and other places rose in succession, and the official marine support policy of the Tang Dynasty also landed, which naturally brought Annan into the west, and Annan was more important than other places.

Throat? Of or relating to Annan or its people.

From the perspective of modern navigation technology, if you want to do business from Guangzhou to Malacca, ships can directly cross Xisha and Nansha Islands, and then turn west. However, in the case of backward navigation technology in ancient times, this route is a fatal act. The most difficult thing for wooden boats to fight at sea is the sea breeze. In order to avoid the tragedy of capsizing and death, many ships will sail along the shore and immediately dock to avoid the sea breeze. Therefore, the Beibu Gulf area has become the only way.

Once Nanzhao took control of Annan, the trade of Datang faced an unavoidable problem, that is, how to get along with the enemy. People with bad relations can levy heavy taxes, and they can't let you through and ambush your ship. The end result is that trade has been hit hard.

For this huge uncertainty, Datang can't bear it. As one of the important sources of financial resources, overseas trade determines that Datang can never give up Annan. Therefore, the whole country urgently needs to recover Annan.

Reply to Annan again

In view of the importance of Annan, the Tang Dynasty decided to send troops to recover Annan again at all costs. The name of the general sent this time is Gao Pian. As a famous strength faction in the late Tang Dynasty, he was unknown for a while, but his name was finally remembered by Nanzhao officials and ministers, and he became a figure who was still worried about Nanzhao before its demise.

In September, the Qing army arrived in Nanding, Fengzhou with nearly 50,000 people, and only got the land. The Qing army concealed the attack, smashed it, and collected the proceeds for the army to eat. ? Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government

Under the attack of Gao Pian, Annan finally recovered, Nanzhao retreated to China after heavy losses, and then sank. Two years later (902), Zheng Maisi, the minister of Nanzhao, perished Nanzhao and became king on his own, and Nanzhao disappeared from the historical stage. On the other hand, after the national mobilization and the conquest of Annan, the Tang Dynasty was also vigorous.

I haven't had a good year since I was nearly 30 years old, and the people were miserable and withered. Harmony, defense, poor books and taxes are exhausted in the southeast and food and clothing are consumed in the northwest. -"Seven-year Amnesty in Xian Tong"

After making another mistake in Lanning, the poor soldiers fell back to the site. Two of them captured Qiongshu alive and one robbed the witch in Guizhou. The whole city is gray, and scholars and children all complain. ? Back to Yunnan. High film.

After the war, the people's livelihood in the Tang Dynasty was difficult, and soon the great uprisings in Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out. The foundation of the Tang Dynasty was also shattered by this uprising, and the national fortune gradually declined.

Although the battle of Annan weakened the two countries, both sides chose to go all out because it was a matter of life and death and had to go all out.

Conclusion:

At the end of Tang Dynasty, Nanzhao invaded Annan, which triggered a fierce battle between Nanzhao and Tang Dynasty. For Nanzhao, this is the only realistic way for the country to break through the shackles of the inland and lead to the sea. For the Tang Dynasty, Annan was located in the throat of the Maritime Silk Road. Once lost, the whole maritime trade will be hit hard, and the financial resources of the Tang Dynasty will also be damaged. In order to ensure the smooth and stable maritime trade, the Tang Dynasty conducted a nationwide expedition to the south after spending a lot of manpower and material resources at home.

Although the Tang Dynasty won the war and kept the throat of maritime trade, it also paid a heavy price for it. In the later peasant uprising, the national fortune was teetering, but given another chance for the Tang Dynasty to choose, I believe it will still firmly choose to recover Annan, because it is very important to the financial resources and trade of the whole Tang Dynasty and really cannot be lost.