In the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1069), after Wang Anshi became prime minister, he was determined to reform and implement the new law, which was resolutely opposed by big landlords and bureaucrats, and he became an official in a few years. He was bored in Beijing and decided to go back to Nanjing to see his wife and children.
In the spring of the following year, Wang Anshi went south from Bianjing to Yangzhou, took a boat to Jinling (Nanjing, Jiangsu) in the west, passed through Jingkou (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and arrived in Guazhou, crossing the river. The boat docked and did not go. Standing at the bow, he looked west, but when he saw the faint green hills, surging rivers, spring breeze and green fields, as well as the bright moon in the sky, he missed his relatives in Jinling Zhongshan (also known as Purple Mountain) even more. He walked into the boat, took out a pen and paper, just thought about it, and wrote a poem entitled "Boarding Guazhou":
A water room in Guazhou, Jingkou,
Zhongshan is separated by only a few mountains.
The spring breeze came to Jiang Nanan again.
When will the bright moon shine on me?
After writing, Wang Anshi felt that the word "to" in Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan was too dead, and he couldn't see what it was like when the spring breeze arrived in Jiangnan. After thinking for a while, he began to circle the word "to" and changed it to "to". Later, I thought about it and felt that the word "country" was not appropriate. Although the word "Guo" is more vivid than the word "Dao" and describes the passing away, it is still not enough to express a person's urgent mood of returning to Jinling. So I circled the word "country" and changed it to "gold" and "full". This has been changed more than ten times, but Wang Anshi still hasn't found his most satisfactory word. He felt a little headache, so he went out of the cabin and looked at the scenery to rest his mind.
Wang Anshi went to the bow and looked at Jiangnan. The spring breeze blows, the grass dances, and the wheat waves fluctuate, which makes it more vibrant and picturesque. He felt refreshed and suddenly saw the spring grass green. Isn't this the word "green" I'm looking for? A word "green" expresses the moving scene of the whole Jiangnan full of vitality and spring. Thinking of this, Wang Anshi was very unhappy. He ran into the cabin and took out a piece of paper. He changed the sentence "Spring breeze comes to Jiang Nanan again" in the original poem to "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan".
In order to highlight his hard-won "green" word, Wang Anshi deliberately wrote the word "green" bigger and more eye-catching.
A "green" word makes the whole poem vivid and vivid. The word "green" became what later generations called "poetic eye". Later, many articles about word refining took him as an example.
In the early spring of one year, the poet Wang Anshi went from Yangzhou to Guazhou Ferry and anxious to return, hoping to return to his apartment in Zhongshan, Jinling as soon as possible-he has been suspended since the failure of political reform and has lived here ever since. He intends to cross the Yangtze River by boat first, land at Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) on the other side, and then rush back to Zhongshan overnight.
As dusk approaches, the ship has approached the south bank, so it's time to go ashore. The poet couldn't help looking to the west, only to see the mountains and peaks, stretching into the distance, and finally being covered by clouds, not seeing Zhongshan outside the sunset. But it's not far, you know, from Jingkou to Jinling, there are only a few peaks in the middle! As soon as the ship landed, Wang Anshi jumped ashore first. Suddenly, a spring breeze blew, with an intoxicating fragrance of flowers. Ah! The pace of the poet just caught up with the pace of spring, and his feet stepped on the green carpet in the south of the Yangtze River. Back to the north bank of Wangjiang, there are only gray twilight and rolling smoke waves ... At this time, a bright moon rises in the east and will accompany the poet to go home overnight and reunite with his relatives. On a whim, Wang Anshi casually sang a quatrain:
Guazhou is at the mouth of Beijing, separated by several mountains.
The spring breeze came to Jiang Nanan again. When will the bright moon shine on me?
He repeatedly recited and thought along the way, and always felt that the word "to" in the third sentence was too mediocre and not appropriate enough. Later, it was changed to "country". I have seen it several times, but it is not good. Changed to the word "Jin"-"Spring breeze has entered Jiang Nanan again", hey, what does it look like? Not good! He said to himself, and then changed the word "people"-"Spring breeze filled the south bank of the river again". Alas, the more he changed, the more outrageous he became. The poet abandoned the word "person" and ran for more than ten miles. He thought and thought, changed and changed, but he couldn't find a suitable word. Finally, he suddenly thought of the green mountains, green waters and green plants he saw on the boat ... Isn't green a symbol of spring in the south of the Yangtze River? Why not use a "green" word? So the poet chanted loudly:
"Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan"-what a green word!
Wang Anshi decided to use the word "green" instead of "to", "to", "to" and "to". The next day, when the poet returned to his apartment in Zhongshan, he immediately copied the poem in his manuscript.
The poet wanted to use a verb to express the scene of spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, but he finally chose an adjective as a verb, which is "adjective usage". "Green" not only means "green", but also means "blowing green", which is the personification of spring breeze and adds dynamic beauty.
.
China's poems originated from rhythmic songs such as weightlifting and persuasion issued by ancient ancestors in their labor. For example, there are folk songs such as "broken bamboo", "continued bamboo", "flying soil" and "chasing meat" in "Wu Yue Chun Qiu", which is said to be a poem in the ancient Yanhuang period, and its content records people's labor scenes at that time.
With the development of social history, during the 500 years from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period (BC 1 1 century to the 7th century BC), China's ancient poetry has made remarkable achievements. The Book of Songs, produced in this historical period, contains 305 poems, which is the oldest collection of poems in the history of China literature.
The Book of Songs is divided into three categories: wind, elegance and ode. Wind is a folk song with local color in fifteen vassal States at that time; Ya is a music song in the area directly ruled by Zhou Dynasty. "Fu" is a dance music used in ancestral halls, also called temple music.
Western poetry came into being in the late bronze age of ancient Greece. Ancient folklore, heroic songs and fairy tales originated from the disintegration of clan society. According to legend, Homer, a blind poet in ancient Greece, based on this, compiled Homer's Epic, including the Iliad and the Odyssey. The content includes the social situation from 1 1 century to the 9th century BC and the Mycenae civilization before 2000. It mainly praises the heroic achievements of tribes and nations in the process of formation and development, including the difficulties and obstacles of primitive people in creating history, the struggle against foreign aggression, and other major themes related to the fate of the country and the nation. Become the oldest literary work in the history of European literature.
In our country of poetry, poetry has been the mainstream of literary history for thousands of years. How did poetry come into being? It turns out that before the formation of literature, our ancestors compiled rhymes in order to pass on the experience in production struggle to others or the next generation for memory and dissemination. According to Mr Wen Yiduo's textual research, [poem] and [ambition] are originally the same word, and [ambition] belongs to [scholar] and [heart], which shows that what stops in the heart is actually memory. After the writing came into being, with the help of literature, there is no need for rote learning. At this time, all written records are called records. Desire is poetry. Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. How did the title of the song come from? Poetry and songs are not the same thing Songs are produced by human labor at the same time, long before the formation of literature and long before poetry. At first, we only used sighs to express our feelings, such as ah, xi, oh, alas, and so on. At that time, these words were all pronounced with the same pronunciation: "ah". Song is a pictophonetic character, pronounced with "ke". In ancient times, [song] and [ah] were the same word, and the [ah] that people uttered in their labor was called composition. Therefore, the title of the song has been used. Since poetry and song are not the same thing, why did they later be linked together and called [Poetry]? As long as we understand their relationship. At first, Song only used simple interjections to express emotions. With the appearance of language, people's understanding of objective things has gradually deepened and their emotions have become richer, so it is far from enough to express them with a few exclamations. So content words are added to the song to meet the needs. After the appearance of words, the combination of poetry and songs went further, and lyrics written in words appeared. At this time, a song includes two parts: one is music and the other is lyrics. Music is lyrical, and the lyrics are poetic and memorable. In other words, poetry is a song with music and a poem without music. The original poem can be sung with music. Songs are poems, and poems are songs. The combination of poems and songs has been discussed for a long time in China ancient books. Preface to Mao's poems: "Heart is ambition, words are poetry." Emotions move in the heart and form in words. If words are not enough, lament. If there are not enough words, recite them. If there are not enough songs, I don't know how to dance. "Shangshu": "Poetry expresses ambition, but songs are silent", which vividly points out the internal relationship between poetry and songs. Because of this situation, people later called poetry and song side by side, but at present, poetry has become synonymous with poetry.