During the Qin and Han Dynasties, science and technology made many great achievements and occupied a leading position in the world. New breakthroughs have been made in astronomy, calendar, mathematics and medicine, which ancient people in China have always attached importance to. The invention and improvement of papermaking is more groundbreaking, which has a great and far-reaching impact on the development of human civilization. The achievements of astronomical calendar mainly include three aspects: First, the formulation and promulgation of taichu calendar. Qin calendar was adopted in the early Han Dynasty, namely "Zhuan Xu calendar". However, after a hundred years, the mistakes in Zhuan Xu Calendar promulgated by Qin Dynasty became more and more obvious. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered astronomical calendar experts to work out a more scientific new calendar, which was compiled in the first year of Taichu (before 104). This new calendar is called the "Early Calendar". It took the first month as the beginning of the year and tried to coordinate the contradiction between the solar calendar and the lunar calendar, so it was a relatively complete and scientific calendar at that time. Calendar plays a direct guiding role in agricultural production. The second is to leave the earliest accurate record of sunspots in the world. Third, Zhang Heng's scientific achievements. He made the earliest scientific explanation of the eclipse, pointing out: "Moonlight was born in the sun, and it was born in the sun, and the day was full and the day was exhausted." He also made a seismograph. This is the first instrument in the world to determine the direction of earthquakes, which is 1700 years earlier than Europe. Zhang Heng, a great scientist, is "not good at math, but good at doing things".
About the mathematical achievements in Qin and Han Dynasties, the textbook mainly introduces nine chapters of arithmetic. This is the most important mathematical monograph in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was written no later than the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Complete Book of * * * is divided into nine chapters, arranged by algorithm application, and 246 arithmetic propositions and their solutions are clearly compiled, forming a complete arithmetic system in ancient China. With regard to the development of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese pharmacy, it is advisable to highlight the formation of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, and focus on the achievements of Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing to expand the main contents of the textbook. Firstly, it introduces two works of Han Dynasty that reflect the early achievements of TCM. Huangdi Neijing seems to have been revised and supplemented by many people in ancient China for a long time, and it was not until the Han Dynasty that it was written. It runs through the theoretical system of the book with the thought of naive dialectics, forming the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine. Shennong Ben Cao Jing is the earliest existing monograph on pharmacology in China, containing more than 3,000 kinds of drugs, all of which are explained in detail. Secondly, Hua Tuo, an outstanding doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was famous for his surgery. Hua tuo invented hemp boiling powder, which is the first in surgical anesthesia in the world. Traditional Chinese medicine anesthetic is not only safe and reliable, but also has the advantages of anti-shock and anti-infection. Third, Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage" in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases mainly focuses on the methods of syndrome differentiation and treatment in diagnosis and various treatments and prescriptions adapted to the condition. Zhang Zhongjing's academic thought and exposition of related diseases laid the foundation for clinical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.
Regarding the invention and improvement of papermaking, students should master the following contents: First, in the early Western Han Dynasty, there was paper. Many pieces of paper were unearthed at that time. Second, Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which made the raw materials easier to find and the cost lower, making it possible to popularize papermaking and paper. Third, the spread of papermaking. Compare the map and explain the rumor. The application of paper plays an inestimable role in the development and dissemination of culture and the exchange of ideas.
Regarding "philosophy and religion", Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have a far-reaching influence on the ancient traditional culture of China. The textbook first summarizes the basic situation in the ideological field of Han dynasty: Dong Zhongshu reformed Confucianism and determined the dominant position of Confucianism; The struggle between idealism and materialism is fierce, and Wang Chong is unique when idealism is rampant. Buddhism was introduced, Taoism was founded, and the basic framework of ancient religious pattern in China was formed. Then the text describes and comments on various specific historical facts in different categories.