Born in Bree

Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang [12]

Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 (the first year of the calendar year), ranking fourth in his family and eighth among his family brothers. So it was called Zhu Chongba, and later it was renamed Zhu Yuanzhang. [13] Zhu Yuanzhang grew up in a poor peasant family in Guzhuang Village, Zhongli, Haozhou [14]. His father is Chen and his mother is Chen. [16-17] [18] In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Zhenqing quoted the inscription of Zhu Shide Tablet written by Zhu Yuanzhang, and recorded that Zhu Yuanzhang was Zhu, from Jurong, Jinling, and lived in Zhu Jiaxiang. [ 17] [ 19] [20-30]

His father, grandfather, great-grandfather and other generations are all delinquent teenagers, hiding debts everywhere in the Huaihe River basin, trying to find a place to be tenants, so that they can live a well-fed life here. He is the youngest child among the surviving brothers and sisters. Except the oldest child, all the other children were given away or married because they couldn't afford him. [ 19] [23] [27] [30-3 1]

Because his family was poor and he could not study, Zhu Yuanzhang herded cattle for the landlords in the village since he was a child.

Anti-Yuan struggle

Main terms: four-class system, peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty

Join the rebels

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the people were corrupt and oppressed, and the people were divided into four classes. [32] Southerners under the rule of Han and Mongolia are untouchables. Mongolians can enjoy all the property of Han people and other nationalities without labor, and killing a southerner only costs a donkey. Northerners have a slightly higher status only because there are not many left after being killed. Han people can't even have a surname, only the date of birth, can't have weapons, and even a kitchen knife needs to be shared by several families. With heavy taxes and constant famine, ordinary people are struggling on the brink of death. [33]

1343, there was a drought in Haozhou. I didn't expect a serious locust plague and plague to happen again in the spring of the following year, and Zhu Yuanzhang's family was also infected with the plague. In less than half a month, father, eldest brother and mother Chen passed away. Only Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother are left, and there is no money to buy a coffin at home. There is not even a piece of land for burying relatives. [34-35] Neighbor Liu Jizu gave them a cemetery. The two brothers found some rags to wrap the body and buried their parents on the land of the Liu family. [36] In order to survive, Zhu Yuanzhang and his second brother, sister-in-law and nephew were forced to split up and flee. [37]

In desperation, Zhu Yuanzhang went to Gao Bin, a monk in Huang Jue Temple, where he was shaved as a monk and became a little boy. [3] He sweeps the floor, burns incense, rings bells and drums, cooks and washes clothes in the temple every day, and sometimes he is reprimanded by the old monk. Soon, the food in the temple was not enough for the monks to eat, and the temple did not give alms, so the owner had to stop porridge and send the monks on their way. [38] In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang, who was only 17 years old, was only a 50-day-old boy, so he had to dress up as a monk and leave the temple to wander. [39]

Zhu Yuanzhang begged as he walked. He went south from Haozhou to Hefei, then turned west to Henan, arrived in Gushi and Xinyang, north to Ruzhou and Chen Zhou, east to Lu Yi and Bozhou, and returned to Huang Jue Temple on 1348. [40] During his three years of wandering, he traveled all over the famous cities in the west of Huai River, got in touch with local customs, saw the world, broadened his horizons and accumulated social life experience. Hard vagrancy made Zhu Yuanzhang resolute and brave, but it also made him cruel and suspicious. This period of life had a profound impact on Zhu Yuanzhang's life. [33] [4 1] and traveling abroad for three years was also a period of surging peasant uprisings at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. There is a saying in the society that "when Wang Ming was born, all beings were blessed", and Anbaili religion in the north is also carrying out the same propaganda. Zhu Yuanzhang was also exposed to such propaganda when he was wandering. [42-43]

With the intensification of ethnic and class contradictions and frequent natural disasters, poor farmers have no choice but to take risks. In the 11th year of Zheng Zhi (135 1), in May, Han He rebelled in Yingzhou [44], and the soldiers wore red scarves, known as the "Red Scarf Army", and elected Han as the Ming King. [43] Then, Xu Shouhui started in [45], and Li Er, Zhao started in Xuzhou. Within a few months, all localities responded in succession, forming a monstrous trend. On the 11th day of the first month of the second year, Guo Zixing, a local tyrant in Dingyuan, joined forces with Sun Deya and others in Dingyuan and Zhongli, and tens of thousands of people rose up and responded. [47-48] Guo Zixing gathered people to burn incense and became the leader of the local White Lotus Sect. On February 27th, after the insurgents captured Haozhou, Guo Zixing claimed to be Marshal. [29] [49]

Subsequently, Guo Zixing insisted on this point according to Haozhou [50], and clearly stated: [5 1-52]

Zhu Yuanzhang received a letter from his childhood partner Tang He, inviting him to join the rebel army in Guo Zixing. Just then, his brother secretly told him that someone knew the letter and was going to tell on it. So Zhu Yuanzhang went to the Red Scarf Army in Guo Zixing. This year, Zhu Yuanzhang was 25 years old. [4]

The road of growth

After Zhu Yuanzhang joined the army, he quickly got Guo Zi because of his bravery, agility and proficiency in literature and ink.

Xu Da [53] who had seen Zhu Yuanzhang in the early days.

Xing's appreciation, so Zhu Yuanzhang was transferred to Shuaifu as a patrolman and was appointed as the nine captains. [54-55] Zhu Yuanzhang was clever, handled things properly and took the lead in the war. All the spoils he got were given to Marshal Guo Zixing, and he was rewarded. He said that the credit belongs to everyone, so he gave the reward to everyone. Soon, Zhu Yuanzhang's good reputation spread in the army. Guo Zixing also regarded him as a confidant and often discussed important matters with Zhu Yuanzhang. [56-57] At that time, Guo Zixing had an adopted daughter [58], the daughter of his close friend Ma Gong. After Ma Gong died, his youngest daughter was adopted by Guo Zixing. At this point, Guo Zixing saw that Zhu Yuanzhang was a talented person, so he married his adopted daughter Ma Shi [59] and changed his name to Zhu Gongzi in the army, while Zhu Yuanzhang took another official name, Bird, with the word [60]. [6 1]

At that time, in Haozhou, there were five marshals in the Red Scarf Army. There are many contradictions between Guo Zixing School, Sun Deya and three other marshal schools. In September this year, Sesame Li, commander-in-chief of Xuzhou Red Scarf Army, was killed by Yuan Army. Peng Da and Zhao Junyong led the troops to Haozhou. Peng Da became friends with Guo Zixing, while Sun Deya and others showed kindness to Zhao Junyong. Encouraged and instigated by Sun Deya, Zhao Junyong kidnapped Guo Zixing and beat Guo Zixing to the bamboo slips, ready to kill him. With the support of Peng Da, Zhu Yuanzhang led his army to save Guo Zixing. Since then, the two factions have become even more deadly. [62-63]

Zhu Yuanzhang saw that the generals in Haozhou were fighting for power and profit, and there were many contradictions. He is determined to create a new situation on his own. In the 13th year of Zheng Zhi (AD 1353), Zhu Yuanzhang returned to his hometown to recruit soldiers. His boyhood friends, Xu Da, Zhou Dexing and Guo Ying, acquaintances in the same village and neighboring villages, heard that Zhu Yuanzhang had become the leader of the Red Scarf Army and all came to defect. So he quickly recruited more than 700 people and returned to Haozhou. Guo Zixing was very happy, so he promoted Zhu Yuanzhang to appease the town. [64] [63]

This winter, Peng Gan, his son, called himself King Lu Huai and King Yong Yi, and he was still a marshal. Zhu Yuanzhang saw that these people had not been in Haozhou for half a year, so he chose 24 confidants, including Xu Da and Tanghe, from his own recruits to leave Haozhou and stay in the south. [65] On the way to Dingyuan in the south, Zhu Yuanzhang first recruited 3,000 militiamen in Zhangjiabao Donkey Village, and then recruited 800 people from Qingbi and Qintou. Command this team, Zhu Yuanzhang eastward, night break Dingyuan Hengduan mountain yuan army camp, marshal Miao tycoon surrendered. Zhu Yuanzhang selected 20,000 able-bodied Han people from the army to join his team and went south to Chuzhou [66]. [67] [68]

Li Shanchang, a celebrity in Dingyuan, is on his way to the south of Chuzhou, and asks for an audience at Yunmen. Li Shanchang and Zhu Yuanzhang hit it off at first sight, and Li Shanchang took Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, as an example to persuade Zhu Yuanzhang that as long as he followed Liu Bang's example, he would repay kindness and not kill people indiscriminately, he would soon be able to pacify the world. Zhu Yuanzhang thought it was very reasonable, so he left Li Shanchang as the shogunate minister and charged Li Shanchang to coordinate the relationship between generals to achieve great things. [67] [68]

Zhu Yuanzhang soon occupied Chuzhou, and his nephew Zhu Wenzheng and his brother-in-law Li Zhen took refuge in his nephew Bao Er (later called Li Wenzhong). From their mouths, Zhu Yuanzhang learned that his second brother, third brother and third sister had all passed away. At that time, there was an orphan Mu Ying in Dingyuan, and Zhu Yuanzhang took these three children as adopted sons and renamed them Zhu. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted more than 20 semes. [69]

When Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Chuzhou, Guo Zixing was excluded by Zhao Junyong, Sun Deya and others. Therefore, not long after Zhu Yuanzhang captured Chuzhou, Guo Zixing also came to Chuzhou. Zhu Yuanzhang immediately handed over the relieving, and the team of thirty thousand people was disciplined and clean. Guo Zixing was very happy to see it. [70]

Ma Shi of Filial Piety Empress [7 1]

1355, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered counties in one fell swoop. Guo Zixing immediately appointed Zhu Yuanzhang as the company commander, guarding Dengzhou. [72] On one occasion, Zhu Yuanzhang went out and saw a child crying. Zhu Yuanzhang asked him why he was crying and replied that he was waiting for his father. After careful inquiry, Zhu Yuanzhang learned that the child's father and mother were both in the military camp, and the father raised horses in the military camp. Mother and father dare not recognize each other, so they have to call each other brothers. Zhu Yuanzhang realized that there were problems in the military discipline. After they breached the city, they disturbed the people and robbed women. If this situation continues, the army will lose the hearts of the people. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang summoned generals, affirmed discipline, ordered married women in the army to return to the army and reunited many separated couples in the city. This matter was widely circulated and Zhu Yuanzhang won the hearts of the people. [73-74]

This year, he died of illness and appointed his son Guo Tianxu as the viceroy, his wife and brother as the deputy viceroy, and Zhu Yuanzhang as the deputy viceroy. Nominally, Marshal Du is the head of the army, and the position of the right deputy marshal is higher than that of the left deputy marshal. But most of the troops in Chuzhou and Hezhou were recruited by Zhu Yuanzhang, and Zhu Yuanzhang was more courageous and talented than Guo Tianxu and Zhang Tianyou. So Zhu Yuanzhang actually became the coach of this team. [75-76]

Before Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he was stationed in western Zhejiang for six years [77]. With the help of the chief helmsman of Secret Zoroastrianism centered on Chuanshan [78], he carried out the strategy of "building high walls, accumulating grain and slowly claiming the throne" put forward by Huizhou counselor Zhu Sheng [79], and expanded his strength quickly and secretly [80]. These three strategies are the guiding ideology of Zhu Yuanzhang's early development. [33] [30]

Decisive strategy

After Zhu Yuanzhang was stationed in Hezhou for several months, food supply became a problem. Opposite Hezhou, Taiping [8 1] and Wuhu near the south bank of the Yangtze River are rich in rice, but there are no boats. At this time, it happened that the Chaohu water army of the two Red Scarf Army came to join the party, and Zhu Yuanzhang personally handled the merger. In July, more than a thousand warships of Chaohu Water Army broke through the blockade of Yuan Army and arrived in Hezhou. Zhu Yuanzhang's infantry troops boarded the ship of Chaohu Water Army and crossed the Yangtze River from Hezhou to the east. Arrived at the other side of the quarry, Chang Yuchun led the army to kill, conquered the quarry and got a lot of food. Soldiers want to take food and trophies home and enjoy them slowly. Seeing this, Zhu Yuanzhang decisively ordered people to cut off the ship's cable, let the ship go down the river and cut off the retreat. When the soldiers saw no way back, they rallied and conquered Taiping under the guidance of Zhu Yuanzhang. Entering Taiping, Zhu Yuanzhang reiterated military discipline and prohibited looting. Some soldiers violated the ban and were immediately executed. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's army was supported by the local people. [82] Zhu Yuanzhang then set up Marshal House of Taiping Xingguo Wing, calling himself Marshal, and appointed Li Shanchang as viceroy. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang began to stabilize the base areas.

In March of the 16th year of Zheng Zheng (A.D. 1356), Zhang Shicheng launched an attack in the Yangtze River Delta.

Nanjing shitoucheng

Potential, attack the yuan army in the south of the Yangtze River. Taking this opportunity, Zhu Yuanzhang personally commanded the land and water forces and attacked Qing Ji for the third time [83]. On the third day, the military camp outside Chen Zhaoxian was breached, and his 36,000 people defected to Zhu Yuanzhang. But Zhu Yuanzhang saw that he had doubts about surrender and his morale was uncertain. [84] So, Zhu Yuanzhang selected 500 warriors from the army to be Qinbing, guarding at night, leaving only Feng around. [85]

The next day, the army was very moved when they learned about it, and all doubts vanished. They are willing to follow Zhu Yuanzhang in farmland. As a result, the war went very smoothly. In less than ten days, Zhu Yuanzhang captured the celebration banquet. After Zhu Yuanzhang entered the city, he ordered to appease the people and change the celebration to Yingtianfu. [86] After being reported, Wang Xiaoming Han Liner was promoted to the Privy Council of Zhu Yuanzhang, and was soon promoted to Jiangnan and other places. Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Grand Marshal's Office of Star Health Instrument in Yingtian, with Liao as the commander in chief and Li Shanchang as the left and right doctors. [87-88]

The following year, Geng Bing ordered Ke Changxing and Xu to attack Changzhou, while Zhu Yuanzhang personally led the troops to capture Ningguo. Then Zhao Jizu and Xu Jiangyin Changshu. Ke Huizhou, Hu Dahai, Ke Chizhou, Chang Yuchun, and Miao Daheng, Ke Yangzhou. [89] In the 19th year of Zheng Zheng (A.D. 1359), Zhu Yuanzhang successively captured the rest of eastern Zhejiang, including Kequzhou, Chang Yuchun, Kequzhou and Hu Dahai. At this point, Zhu Yuanzhang's department controlled Jiangzuo, Zheyou and Chen Youliang's department in the west. [90]

At this time, although Zhu Yuanzhang had 100,000 troops, he still occupied very little territory and was attacked on all sides. Yuan Army is in the east and south, Zhang Shicheng is in the southeast and Xu Shouhui is in the west. Although Zhang and Xu are both anti-yuan armed forces, they are hostile to both. However, the main forces of the Red Scarf Army headed by Wang Xiaoming and Liu Futong in the north greatly contained the Yuan Army, and the strength of Zhang Shicheng and Xu Shouhui was not enough to annex Zhu Yuanzhang. In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang temporarily faced a good development opportunity. [9 1-92]

Liu Ji [93] Who helped Zhu Yuanzhang make suggestions?

After Zhu Yuanzhang completed the deployment of "building a high wall", he began to implement "wide grain accumulation". The early solution to military commissariat mainly depended on compulsory requisition, that is, requisition of "village commissariat". But in the long run, the army will become a purely destructive force and lose people's hearts. In order to solve the food problem, Zhu Yuanzhang, in addition to mobilizing the people for production, decided to implement the reclamation law and vigorously carry out army reclamation, appointed Marshal Kang Maocai as the water conservancy ambassador, responsible for building water conservancy projects, and appointed generals to reclaim farmland in various places. In the past few years, villages have been built all over the country, and the national treasury is full and the rations are sufficient. 1360, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered that "village grain" would no longer be levied to reduce the burden on farmers. [94] Zhu Yuanzhang forbade alcohol in order to accumulate grain, but Hu Sanshe, the son of his general Hu Dahai, broke the law with others and made profits by brewing wine privately. After Zhu Yuanzhang knew it, he ordered Hu Sanshe to be killed. Hu Dahai was advised to attack Shaoxing at this time, hoping that Zhu Yuanzhang could beat Hu Sanshe in Hu Dahai's face. Zhu Yuanzhang was furious and resolutely punished, so he personally killed Hu Sanshe. [33] [30]

While winning the hearts and minds of the people, Zhu Yuanzhang constantly recruited talents, especially the intellectuals of the landlord class. Zhu Yuanzhang also specially built the Lixian Pavilion in Yingtian to receive them. These people played an important role in the process of Zhu Yuanzhang's unification of the whole country. Zhu Yuanzhang has great respect for Confucian scholars. 1358, he summoned the Confucian scholar Tang [95] to ask, Emperor Guangwu, Emperor Taizong and He how to pacify the world, which also showed that Zhu Yuanzhang was determined to create a new feudal dynasty. [96]

Unify Jiangnan

Main terms: Poyang Lake War and Pingjiang Campaign.

Beat Chen Youliang.

Zhu Yuanzhang established a base area centered on Yingtian, with Chen Youliang in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Zhang Shicheng in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Fang Guozhen in the southeast and Chen Youding in the south. Fang Guozhen and Chen Youding's goal is to protect the territory, while Zhang Shicheng has no ambition for the first mouse in the Yuan Dynasty. Chen Youliang is the strongest, and it is the most dangerous enemy that Zhu Yuanzhang encountered when he occupied Yingtian. [97]

Chen Youliang was a subordinate of general Ni Wenjun of Xu Shouhui. [98] Later he killed Winnie.

Statue of Chen Youliang, the leader of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty [99]

Jun, and held Xu Shouhui hostage at 1360 to capture Taiping and quarry. So Chen Youliang thought that Heaven was at his fingertips, so he killed Xu Shouhui and proclaimed himself emperor in quarrying, which changed the country's sense of justice. [ 100- 10 1]

Then Chen Youliang attacked Zhang Shicheng from east to west and divided Zhu Yuanzhang's territory equally. It was a big earthquake. [10 1] Zhu Yuanzhang had to call everyone to discuss countermeasures, and there were different opinions at one time. [102] Only Liu Ji was silent, so Zhu Yuanzhang asked his advice. Liu Ji believes that the most dangerous enemy at present is Chen Youliang, and we must concentrate on destroying him. Although Chen Youliang is powerful, it is not difficult to defeat him, because he killed the king and left home on his own, and the people were exhausted. As long as he waits for them to go deep and then ambush him, it is not difficult to win. Zhu Yuanzhang agreed with Liu Ji's judgment, so he designed to lure the enemy deeper and make an iron ride. Kang Maocai and Chen Youliang, the ministry of Zhu Yuanzhang, are old friends, so Kang Maocai wrote a letter, sent someone to Chen Youliang camp, invited Chen to attack Yingtian, and offered to work in Jiangdong Bridge. [ 103] [ 104]

On the morning of June 23rd, Chen Youliang led the main force of the fleet to the Jiangdong Bridge on the outskirts of Yingtian, only to find that the bridge was a stone bridge instead of a wooden one, and only then did he know that he had been cheated. But it's too late. Zhu Yuanzhang ambushed and attacked, and Chen Youliang was defeated. [105] Zhu Yuanzhang collected Taiping and occupied Xinzhou and Anqing. Chen Youliang defeated Jiujiang and captured Anqing in August of the following year, so Zhu Yuanzhang led the army to take Jiangzhou, Chen Youliang's lair, and Chen Youliang fled to Wuchang. [106] Zhu Yuanzhang conquered Jiangxi and southeastern Hubei. [ 103] [ 107]

At this time, the Central Plains Red Scarf Army split, weakened. In February of the 23rd year, Zhang Shicheng took advantage of people's crisis and sent Lu Zhen to attack Anfeng. Liu Futong turned to Zhu Yuanzhang for help. When Zhu Yuanzhang led an army to Anfeng, Liu Futong had been killed by Lv Zhen. [108] Zhu Yuanzhang only rescued Wang Xiaoming Han Liner and arranged for him to live in Chuzhou. [109-1/kloc-0] When Zhu Yuanzhang led the main force to rescue Wang Xiaoming, Chen Youliang thought it was time to fight back, so he led his troops to attack Hongdu [1 1]. Zhu Wenzheng, the nephew of Zhu Yuanzhang, led the soldiers to hold on for 85 days. [1 13] In July of the 23rd year of Zheng Zheng (AD 1363), Zhu Yuanzhang led 200,000 troops into Hongdu. When Chen Youliang learned of this, he withdrew from the besieged army and confronted Zhu Yuanzhang. The two sides fought a decisive battle in Poyang Lake. The Poyang Lake water war lasted for 36 days from August 29th to1October 3rd. Zhu Yuanzhang's army gave full play to the flexibility of the ship, attacked Chen Jun with fire, and finally won. [1 14] Chen Youliang was shot dead by random arrows. [ 1 15]

On New Year's Day in the 24th year of Zheng Zheng (A.D. 1364), Zhu Yuanzhang summoned the king of Wu and built one hundred lawsuits. He still issued orders in the name of "the imperial edict and decree of the King of Wu". [1 16] Since Zhang Shicheng established himself as the King of Wu in 1363, Zhang Shicheng was called Wu Dong in history, and Zhu Yuanzhang was called the West Wu.

In the 24th year of Zheng Zheng (AD 1364), in March, Zhu Yuanzhang went to Wuchang to inspect the city again, and David Li Chen finally surrendered out of the city. [1 17] After Chen Youliang was annexed, Zhu Yuanzhang's next target was Zhang Shicheng.

Destroy Zhang Shicheng.

Zhang Shicheng sold illicit salt in his early years. [1 18] At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, a salt uprising was launched. 1354, Gaoyou became the king, the founding week, Jianyuan God bless. [1 19] 1356, with Pingjiang as its capital [120]. After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed Chen Youliang, he attacked Zhang Shicheng in October of the 25th year of Zheng Zheng, captured Tongzhou, Xinghua, Yancheng, Taizhou, Gaoyou, Huai 'an, Xuzhou, Suzhou, Anfeng and other counties in one fell swoop, and drove Dongwu forces out of Jiangbei. [ 12 1] [92]

In May of the 26th year of Zheng Zhi (A.D. 1366), Zhu Yuanzhang published a campaign against Zhang Shicheng. [122] In the same year 1 1 month, Hangzhou and Huzhou surrendered to Zhu Yuanzhang one after another, and Pingjiang became an isolated city. [123] So Zhu Yuanzhang surrounded Pingjiang heavily and launched the Pingjiang Campaign.

At the same time of siege, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Liao Yongzhong to Chuzhou to meet Wang Xiaoming, and sent Han Liner to Yingtianlai, but when crossing the river in Guazhou, he quietly chiseled the bottom of the boat and Wang Xiaoming sank to the bottom of the river. Then, Zhu Yuanzhang announced that he would no longer use the year of Dragon and Phoenix, calling 1367 the first year of Wu. [ 124- 125]

At the beginning of the Battle of Pingjiang, Zhu Yuanzhang built a wall around the city and a three-story wooden tower, which was higher than the city wall. He shot at the city with crossbows and ware, and set up Xiangyang guns to bombard it day and night. There was a panic in the city, and Zhang Shicheng's several breakthroughs ended in failure. Zhang Shicheng is willful, greedy for enjoyment, and indulges his subordinates very much. On the last day of the siege at Pingkiang, Zhang Shicheng's younger brother Zhang Shixin bid in Chengtou, still enjoying himself. He sat in a silver chair and drank, and the waiter handed him peaches. As a result, before the peach reached his mouth, his head was smashed with a gunshot. Zhu Yuanzhang sent people to surrender many times, but Zhang Shicheng refused. Zhang Shicheng stuck to Pingjiang, and after the food was exhausted, he ate rats and hay. When the arrows are used up, the roof tiles are used as bombs. Until the eighth day of September in the twenty-seventh year (AD 1367), Zhu Yuanzhang led an army into Pingjiang, while Zhang Shicheng launched street fighting resistance. Finally, Zhang Shicheng was captured and sent to Yingtian. Zhu Yuanzhang asked questions but he ignored them. Li Shanchang asked him, but he swore. Helpless, Zhu Yuanzhang had to order the guards to kill Zhang Shicheng with disorderly sticks. At that time, Zhang Shicheng was 47 years old, and Soochow perished. [ 126- 127]

Destroy Fang Guozhen.

In the twenty-seventh year of Zheng Zhi (A.D. 1367), Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Tang He as the South General to crusade against Fang Guozhen, who had been independent in eastern Zhejiang for many years. [128] Later, Hu Tingrui was appointed as the general of Zhengnan, what was the deputy general, and attacked Fujian. In the same year, Fang Guozhen surrendered. [ 129]

Establish Daming

Main items: Hongwu rule and Xu Da Northern Expedition.

1October 27th (1367), Jiazi Day, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a letter to Prime Minister Xu Da as a conqueror.

Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty commented on Zhu Yuanzhang's "governance of Tang and Song Dynasties".

General, Pingzhang Chang Yuchun is the deputy general, leading a 250,000-strong army to the north of the Central Plains. [130] During the Northern Expedition, Yuan Ba in Yuzhong was published, and the program of "expelling Land Rover, restoring China, establishing discipline and relieving the Sri Lankan people" was put forward in the proclamation, [13 1] to inspire the northern people to rise up against the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang made arrangements for the Northern Expedition, proposing to take Shandong first and remove the barrier of the Yuan Dynasty. Entering Henan, cutting off its wings, seizing Tongguan, occupying its threshold; Then most troops entered. At this time, the Yuan Dynasty was helpless and took it without fighting. Sending troops to the west, Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and Gansu can all be swept down. 【 132 】 The Northern Expedition was carried out as planned. Xu Da led the troops to take Shandong first, then to the west, captured the capital of song dynasty, and then moved to Tongguan. Zhu Yuanzhang went to the capital of song dynasty to take command.

In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing, with the title Daming and the title Hongwu. [133] Dafeng's generals are all princes, and some are crowned kings. First, six princes were created, among which five generals and one minister were the founding fathers. They are: Li Shanchang, Xu Da, Chang Yuchun, Li Wenzhong, Shengfeng and Deng Yu. He also made Hu Dahai King of Yue, Ding Dexing (who died in battle) King Ji, Tanghe King Xin and Feng King Ying. The following year, Ming Taizu established Gongren Temple in Jiming Mountain, which was completed on June 3rd. Zhu Yuanzhang decided the ranking of public officials, led by Xu Da, followed by Chang Yuchun, Li Wenzhong, Deng Yu, Tanghe, Mu Ying, Hu Dahai, Feng, Zhao Desheng, Geng Zaicheng, Gao Hua, Ding Dexing, Yu Tonghai, Zhang Desheng, Wu Liang, Zhen Wu, Cao, Kang Maocai and Wu Fu. The dead are sacrificed, and the living are empty. Liao Yong 'an, Yu Tonghai, Zhang Desheng, Sang Shijie, Geng Zaicheng, Hu Dahai and Ding Dexing also enjoy ancestral temples. [ 134]

In July of the first year of Hongwu (1368), armies from all walks of life went straight to Tianjin along the canal and occupied Tongzhou on the 27th. 1August 368, when the Ming army entered Beijing, Yuan Shundi led Mimia's concubines and the Crown Prince to escape from Dadu by opening Jiandemen and fled to Shangdu via Juyongguan. [135] Abandoned the city and fled to Mongolian grassland. The other warlords, such as Kukutimur and Li Siqi, were armed to the teeth and showed bravery in the civil war. They all fled when the Ming army attacked. Mongolia's rule in the Central Plains ended in 1998, and the Ming Dynasty gained the rule within the Great Wall. China once again returned to the dynastic rule established by the Han nationality. [30]

Wu Hong Zhi Zhi

Main entry: the rule of Hongwu

During Zhu Yuanzhang's reign, he ordered farmers to return to farming and reward reclamation; Vigorously engage in resettlement and military camp construction; Organize local farmers to build water conservancy projects; Vigorously promote the cultivation of mulberry, hemp, cotton and other cash crops and fruit and wood crops, he will only enrich the people and restrain the mighty; Ordered the liberation of handmaiden; Reduce the tax burden and severely punish corrupt officials; Send people to all parts of the country to measure land, audit accounts and so on. After the efforts of Hongwu period, social production gradually recovered and developed, which is called the rule of Hongwu in history. [ 136]

Die of grief and fatigue

Zhu Yuanzhang's Ming Tombs

"I've been in destiny for 30 years and I'm worried about danger. I am diligent and not lazy, benefiting the people. Nai started from scratch, with no knowledge of the ancients, and his likes and dislikes are far behind. Today, everything is natural, and there is a feeling of ridicule and mourning. Sun Yun, the first wife of the emperor, is a filial friend, and the world is devoted to her heart, so it is appropriate to be in a big position. Civil and military officials at home and abroad unite to help the government protect our people. Don't use gold and jade in mourning. Because of it, the mountains and rivers of Xiaoling don't change. People all over the world, crying for three days, are free and do not hinder marriage. The king is in the country, not in the capital. If you are not in the order, push this order. " -Zhu Yuanzhang's will [137]

In the thirty-first year of Hongwu, on the 10th day of May (1June 24th, 398), Zhu Yuanzhang died in Yingtian Palace and was buried in Xiaoling Mausoleum of Zijinshan. On the first day of June in the thirty-first year of Hongwu, it was said that "Qin Qiming, Yun Junde, successfully unified Tianzitian, Gao Xiao", and the temple name was Mao. On June 1 1 day of the first year of Yongle, Ding Si said that "the Holy Spirit Wu Wen Qin Ming and Junde successfully unified the Heavenly Emperor Gao Xiao". In November of the seventeenth year of Jiajing, it was changed to "open heaven, Evonne, establish the Great Sage, and be the high emperor of benevolence, benevolence, righteousness and military virtue"

2 Political Initiative Editor

politics

Purge powerful ministers.

See: Hu case and case.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the bureaucracy basically followed the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang carried out reforms. The first is to abolish the provincial system. 1376, Zhu Yuanzhang announced the cancellation of the bank's book-saving province, and set up a department to undertake propaganda, command, and sentencing, which were respectively responsible for the bank's book-saving province. The three departments are separated and restrained to prevent local power from being too heavy. [ 138] [8]

The key to the reform of central institutions is to abolish the prime minister system. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was responsible for handling world affairs and had the highest status. Its chief executive is a high-ranking prime minister. The prime minister is prone to conflict with the emperor, and Hu is the most important in the Ming Dynasty. [33] [30]

Hu's power gradually increased, threatening the imperial power. In addition, Hu has become more and more arrogant [139] and slack in his political affairs [140]. [138] So, 1380, Zhu Yuanzhang executed Hu and related officials on charges of perverting the law and tyrannizing the tyrant, and announced the abolition of Zhongshu Province, and there would be no more prime ministers in the future. [8]

1393, the Royal Guards asked the viceroy to participate in the Aquamarine Rebellion, and Zhu Yuanzhang immediately let people win it and handed it over to the official department for trial. When the official Zhan Hui ordered Aquamarine to recruit comrades, Aquamarine shouted, "Zhan Hui is my comrade-in-arms!" The voice did not fall, and the warriors won Zhan Hui. The judges were dumbfounded and stopped retrial. Three days later, Zhu Yuanzhang killed aquamarine, and then, it was another large-scale cleaning and involvement. In the two cases of Hu and Lan, * * * killed 40,000 people. [ 14 1]

Combating corrupt officials

See: Guo Huan case, air printing case, and Taipa.

Zhu Yuanzhang was born in poverty and was blackmailed by corrupt officials in the Yuan Dynasty since he was a child. Therefore, after he ascended the throne, he launched an "anti-corrupt official" campaign nationwide, targeting corrupt officials at all levels from the central government to the local government.

First of all, he killed officials who embezzled more than sixty taels of silver.

Official clothes of Ming dynasty [142]

It doesn't matter. When he found that Yu Wengui had hidden more than ten letters to curry favor with others and ask for help, he immediately sent people to investigate the central ministries and local governments. The results show that corruption is extremely serious from top to bottom. He was furious and immediately ordered the world: "Fengtian cherishes the lives of the people, and all officials who take bribes of more than 62% will be executed and will never lend." He also said: as long as it is corruption, no matter who is involved, it will never be soft, and it will be investigated to the end. [33] [30]

Secondly, operate "Gao Qian" from his side. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was subordinate to six departments, which retained a large number of old officials of the Yuan Dynasty and some heroes of the rebel army. They have nothing to hide, taking bribes and bending the law. Zhu Yuanzhang punished these officials.