1, the second American War of Independence
The Second American War of Independence, also known as the 18 12 War, was a war between the United States and Britain from 18 12 to15. This is the first foreign war since the independence of the United States.
The United States officially declared war on Britain, but 50% of the British troops were Canadian militia. At the same time, native American tribes were also involved in the war for various reasons.
On June 18 12, the United States declared war on Britain. From 18 12 to 18 13, the United States attacked British North American colonies in Canada. 18 13 10 turn1814 In March, Britain defeated Napoleon in Europe and reinforced the North American battlefield with more troops.
Britain occupied Maine in the United States and once occupied Washington, the capital of the United States. However, the British army suffered repeated defeats in Louisiana, lake champlain, Baltimore and New Orleans in the southern United States, and so did the navy.
18 15 the two sides stopped fighting and the border was restored to its original state.
2. John Brown Uprising
John Brown Uprising refers to the anti-slavery uprising on the eve of the American Civil War, named after the insurgent john brown. In order to raise funds for the uprising and win the cooperation of black abolitionists, especially the famous black abolitionists, Brown traveled around New England many times and received moral and economic support from some abolitionists in the north.
On July 3rd, 1859, Brown and other four people arrived in Harpers Ferry ahead of schedule. This area is steep, which is a safer natural passage to the slavery-ridden areas in the south. It is also home to the federal arsenal and armory.
They rented a farm near the ferry to gather troops and store materials. On the night of 10 16, Brown left three people to guard the farm and waited for orders to lead the remaining 18 people (including five blacks) to attack Harpers town.
Soon they occupied the armory and armory, took control of the town, arrested the planters in nearby villages and liberated a few slaves. The news of the uprising spread quickly. On June 5, at 438+07, a militia called by the government authorities rushed to the scene of the uprising.
Brown and others were surrounded in the fire-fighting tool room near the arsenal. The fighting lasted all day. There are fewer slaves in this area, and most of them are domestic slaves. They didn't respond to the uprising, and Brown didn't leave decisively.
That night, Colonel R.E. Lee arrived with a marine corps, and the 18 uprising was brutally suppressed. In the battle, the 10 rebel army died, and seven people including Brown were captured. On February 2, 65438, john brown died heroically, and other prisoners were hanged one after another.
Although the uprising failed, it strongly promoted the development of the slave liberation movement and promoted the outbreak of the American Civil War. Many Americans spoke highly of the John Brown Uprising.
3. American abolitionist movement
The American abolitionist movement was a mass movement in the northern United States from 65438 to 2009, which began in the early 1930s and demanded the complete abolition of black slavery.
At the beginning of the independence of the United States, there was already a debate about whether to abolish slavery. With the sharp increase in the demand for cotton in the international market, plantation slavery in the south has also expanded greatly, which has a serious conflict with the development of industrial capitalism in the north and the bourgeois democratic nature of the country.
On the eve of the War of Independence, there were more than 500,000 colonial slaves in British North America, accounting for 1/6 of the total population at that time. By 1860, the number of black slaves in the south had grown to 3.953 million.
From the 1930s (65438+2009), the abolitionist movement rose rapidly in the north, just as the slavers openly flew the American flag to smuggle slaves to the southern United States.
People set up various abolitionist organizations and published many influential abolitionist publications. Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is a world-famous wake-up work, which contains the blood and tears of the black leader Douglas and other runaway slaves.
As well as the famous "underground railway" in American history, it is estimated that there are 32,000 northerners running on its east-west trunk line, and more than 65,438+10,000 slaves escaped from the fire pit through these two trunk lines.
1833 In April, the National Anti-Slavery Association was established in Philadelphia, with its headquarters in new york. Subsequently, anti-slavery associations were established in all parts of the north. By the 1940s, there were about 2,000 such organizations with more than 200,000 participants, forming a massive mass movement.
The massive abolitionist movement occupies an important position in the history of the American people's struggle for democracy. It exposed the evils of slavery, promoted the outbreak of civil war, liberated slaves, cleared the obstacles for the development of American capitalism, and promoted the development of capitalism to a certain extent.
4. Civil War
The Civil War (1861April12-1865 April 9) was the only civil war in American history, and the two sides were the United States of America in the north and the United States of America in the south.
The war began with the shelling of Fort Sumter by the Southern Union and ended with the victory of the Northern Union. At the beginning of the war, the north fought for national unity, and later, it evolved into a revolutionary war to eliminate slavery.
The civil war was the first large-scale war after the industrial revolution, during which the standards of modern warfare such as tactics, strategic thinking and battlefield medical care were established.
Most of the 3.5 million people who took part in the war were volunteers. The war killed 750,000 soldiers and disabled 400,000 soldiers. Relevant associations estimate that the death toll may be higher, and the number of civilians affected is unknown. ?
The civil war left a deep impression on Europa observers at that time. Karl Marx said that the civil war was a unique great war in military history. This civil war is of great, historic, progressive and revolutionary significance.
5. Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War was 1898, a war launched by the United States to seize Spain's colonies in America and Asia, Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines, and it was the first imperialist war in which great powers repartitioned colonies. The emerging United States has strong economic and military potential and has established a relatively strong navy.
/kloc-at the end of 0/9, the Cuban and Filipino people rebelled against Spanish colonial rule and contained a large number of Spanish troops. The cruel repression of Cuban insurgents by Spanish troops angered the American government and endangered the economic interests of American capitalists in the region.
1On February 5th, 898, the American aircraft carrier Maine, which was sent to Cuba to protect overseas Chinese, exploded in Havana Harbor. The United States used this incident as an excuse. Spain was asked to be punished. On April 24th, Spain declared war on the United States first, and the United States declared war on Spain on April 25th the next day.
In the end, Spain demanded a truce and the United States won. This war enabled the United States to acquire Cuba and the Philippine Islands, which were not only important economic values, but also strategic bases for the United States to expand to South America and Asia respectively.
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Second American War of Independence
Baidu Encyclopedia-John Brown Uprising
Baidu Encyclopedia-American Abolition Movement
Baidu Encyclopedia-Civil War
Baidu encyclopedia-Spanish-American war