Abstract: Historically, the mountainous areas of Haihe River Basin used to be grasslands and dense forests. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Beijing's architecture, charcoal burning, smelting, war damage, excessive construction of temples and pagodas, deforestation and land reclamation caused devastating damage to the forest resources here. It not only accumulated heavy environmental costs, but also caused serious ecological problems.
[Keywords:] Ming and Qing Dynasties; Haihe river basin; Forest destruction; Changes in circumstances
Haihe River Basin, located in the capital, is the political and cultural center and economically developed area of China. There are 26 large and medium-sized cities in this area, such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, which have a special and important position. Historically, it used to be an ecological environment with lush vegetation, animal reproduction, abundant water resources and even pleasant climate. Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, the variation of natural climate and man-made destruction have caused increasingly serious ecological problems. This paper attempts to explain the great influence of man-made destruction of forests on the ecological environment of Haihe River Basin from the perspective of ecological history, and reveal the law of ecological environment change from the historical changes of regional ecology, in order to draw lessons from the ecological environment construction and sustainable economic and social development of Haihe River Basin.
one
Since ancient times, Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountain in Haihe River Basin have enjoyed a high reputation for their rich forest resources. Although it was destroyed repeatedly in history, there was still a large area of forest coverage here until the early Ming Dynasty. Ma Wensheng described the forest distribution before Chenghua (1465-1487) in "Forbidding Cutting on the Mountain Side to Protect Things": "Zipiantou, Yanmen, Bauhinia, Juyong, Chaohe and xifengkou, stretching for thousands of miles until Shanhaiguan, with high mountains and dense forests. It shows that until Chenghua, Hengshan Mountain, northern Taihang Mountain and even Yanshan Mountain still have rich forest resources. There are also many forests in different parts of various mountains described in the literature.
Qiu Jun described Yuzhou (now Yuxian) and Hunyuan in Hengshan Mountain Area in Frontier, saying: "Hunzhou, Wei and other states have high mountains, narrow roads and dense forests" [1] (Volume 73), which has been a natural barrier for Mongolian criminals since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. Yuzhou belongs to Meiyukou, Jiugongkou, Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Scenic Area and other places, all of which are deep forests and rich in wood. South of Yuzhou and north of Taihang Mountain (including Xishan in Beijing) are connected, and there are many forests in the early Ming Dynasty. In Zhang Mingfeng's Notes on Westward Migration, it was said that "the foot of the forest is pale, the creek is staggered, and the mainland is rich in products" [2](P 165).
The mountainous areas of Yizhou (now Yixian), Laishui, Mancheng and other places near Zijingguan, south of Xishan Mountain in Beijing, are the location of Yizhou Chaitan Mountain Factory, and all kinds of trees, especially oak trees, are quite rich. Beyond the pass of Amethyst, Guangchang (now Laiyuan County) and Lingqiu are also "deep valleys and dense forests" [3] (Volume 92). From Zijingguan to the south, passing through the passes of Ma, Longquan and even Lingshou and Pingshan, it is a grand occasion. Lingshou and Pingshan used to be the factories of Chaitanshan Factory of the Ministry of Industry. There is the Calm House in the east, which governs the Calm City (now Zhengding County). In the Ming Dynasty, bamboo and wood tax houses were set up to collect commercial taxes on timber transactions. The commodity trees passing through here are all sold by Pingshan, Lingshou and Wutai in Shanxi. In the southern section of Taihang Mountain, Cangyan Mountain in Jingxing County is "with overlapping peaks and greenery, which is higher than Yun Biao", and Baihua Mountain is "with deep forests and rugged rocks"; The 18th Panling in Zanhuang County is "steep mountains and lush forests" [4] (volume 14 "Zhili Five").
The Yanshan Mountains in Qin Long (now Yanqing County) and Yongning (now Yanqing County) in the west have been called "Baili Pine Forest" since Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Because the forest is deep and the trees are lush, it is not convenient to ride. "There is a tunnel in the middle, and it is feasible to ride (only) one person" [1] (Volume 2 18, Book Zhili after Three Passes). Huanghua town and Hongluoshan in Huairou, "For two hundred years, the trees of Catalpa bungeana were dense enough to shelter from the wind" [5] (Miscellanies of Guan Zhen, Volume 7), which was once the main place for firewood collection in the palace during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty (1403- 1424). Wuling Mountain in Miyun (now Xinglong County), "Around the mountain, there are mountains and peaks, and there are deep pines and cypresses, and the mainland people use more materials" [4] (Volume 1 1 Zhili II). In Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, logging officials were set up here to carry out large-scale logging. In the ninth year of Xuande (1434), the Ming government recruited merchants to transport grain from it to the Heiyukou warehouse in Miyun to support the monthly rations of the firewood pickers and craftsmen gathered here [6] (volume 1 10). From Wuling Mountain in the east, from Gubei, Xifeng and other places to Shanhaiguan, the mountains are green, and the northern part of the mountain is "Baili Pine Forest", "Its Shan Zhinan is rich in grain and good timber" [4] (volume 10 Zhili). At the beginning of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, Zunhua Iron Smelter was built. "Collecting firewood and burning charcoal will make Jizhou (now Jixian County), Zunhua, Feng Run, Yutian, Luanzhou and Qian 'an" [7] (Volume 82, "Shihuozhi"), which shows that these places are lush with trees, enough to meet the fuel needs of the iron works at that time. These are not systematic records, but they are enough to reflect the forest landscape of Haihe River basin in the early Ming Dynasty, indicating that the mountainous areas of Haihe River basin still maintain a good forest environment and grow a large area of forests.
two
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, the forests in Haihe River Basin were devastated. Although the reasons are different, the consequences are very serious. The large-scale construction of Beijing, the capital city of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the imperial city was also an important reason for the destruction of mountain forests. Since Yongle rebuilt Beijing, palaces, imperial tombs and official residences have been built for the second time. These projects are numerous and costly. Although Sichuan, Huguang, Sunan and Zhejiang provinces are the areas with the largest amount of timber used in construction projects, there are also many timber used in Taihang and Hengshan forest areas. For example, when the Orthodox Church first built the Zhengyangmen Gate Tower, it sent thousands of soldiers to "order Yuzhou, Baoan (now Zhuolu County) and other mountain factories to collect wood, and the rafts were transported from the Hunhe River to the small chariot factory" [8] (Volume 43). During the Jiajing period, Chaomenwulou was completed, and was ordered to go to Shanxi to collect pine trees calmly [9] (volume 190). After Chenghua, Beijing's customs became more and more luxurious, and the government and the people fought for the first place to live, which led to the increase of wood and wood prices. Wood merchants with abundant capital came into being. "Fu Xuan Datong, the home of officials, specializes in selling raft wood" to make huge profits. These timber merchants "often hire soldiers and civilians from other places to correct the mountain situation, and they will arbitrarily cut down trees that should be banned" and then transport them to Beijing. "There are hundreds of thousands a year" [1] (Volume 63 "Cutting down trees on the hillside to protect things"). Wutai Mountain was a scenic spot with lush trees in Ming Dynasty. After Yongle, thousands of loggers covered the mountains and fields, shouting that the mountains shook, and "Kawaki was tired and went into the valley", which caused Wutai Mountain to "completely cut down the trees, leaving 100% of the trees" [10] (Volume 5, Biography of Assistant Minister Gao Hu Not Cutting). During the Wanli period, Wutai Mountain became a bare mountain. After official logging, private logging and illegal logging, the mountains and forests are basically swept away wherever the transportation is convenient.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in order to provide firewood for the imperial palace, the forests in Taihang Mountain were devastated. Charcoal burning is necessary within the government and people's lives. There is no need for huge trees or trees, but the amount of felling is huge, mainly in the mountainous areas near Beijing, so the trees in the mountainous areas of the Haihe River Basin in the capital bear the brunt. After Yongle made Beijing its capital, the firewood used by the royal family was "purchased from Baiyangkou (Changping Prefecture), huanghua town and Hongluoshan (Huairou County)" [7] (Volume 72 Official History). Xuande set up Yizhoushan Factory in four years, "specializing in burning wood to supply the inner government". In the first year of Jingtai, Yizhoushan Factory was "used for a long time, the wood was exhausted, and the factory was moved to Calm Pingshan and Lingshou" [8] (volume 188). In the seventh year of Jingtai, "Yamada still moved to Yizhou". When the mountain farm was first built, the quantity of firewood and charcoal was not recorded in the history books. According to Ming Hui Dian (Volume 2005), Tianshun treated more than 4.3 million Jin of firewood at the age of eight, and more than 6.5 million Jin in the first year of Chenghua, which increased to 65.438+07.4 million Jin in three years. The annual turnover of Chenghua for three years is equal to four times that of Tianshun for eight years. Since then, although there is no system to record the annual office volume, it is certain that the general trend is increasing. For example, in the twenty years of Chenghua, the number of firewood and charcoal in Miko Wu was 24 million Jin, and the number of firewood and charcoal in Guanglu Temple was130,000 Jin, totaling 37 million Jin. The annual increase of firewood in the mountain field is largely due to the increasing number of prisons in the palace. In the early Ming Dynasty, the number of prison guards was small, which increased to more than 10,000 during Chenghua. By the time of Ming's death, "there were 9,000 maids and 100,000 jailers". The more people used firewood, the more firewood they used. Therefore, "there are tens of millions of catties of tinplate firewood and red snail charcoal used in the palace" [1 1] (Volume 39 "China" has many temporary offices whenever a palace or other project is built. There is a dispatching room outside the annual office, and there is more consumption outside the annual office and dispatching outdoor. Therefore, hundreds of millions of Jin of firewood are released every year [12](p66). According to research, Yizhoushan Factory needs wood10-120,000 cubic meters every year, and consumes forest 1300- 1600 hectares [13](P 16). During the 223 years from Yongle's move to Beijing to the demise of the Ming Dynasty, 22-27 million cubic meters of wood were burned in the palace alone, and 290-360,000 hectares of forest were consumed. If you count the wood and charcoal consumed by other yamen, military camps, temples and poor people in Beijing, it is simply astronomical. It is no wonder that in order to meet the needs of the royal family, "people's public servants are hundreds of millions of years old." In the Ming Dynasty, there were as many as 3,000 people who only carried firewood in Taiji Factory [9] (Volume 205 "Ministry of Industry"). "The raw materials of the first mountain are limited, and the people can't take them. The foothills and cliffs are exhausted, and they are taken from the tiger's den" [14] (Volume II, Land and Products). Due to excessive logging, the trees in Taihang Mountain are "increasingly sparse". In the Qing dynasty, the charcoal used by the court had to be "taken from outside the mouth". It can be seen that burning charcoal in Ming Dynasty caused serious damage to Taihang Mountain forest.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, due to the improvement of social productivity and the unprecedented development of handicraft production, the demand for wood in various handicraft production departments such as iron smelting, copper smelting and brick and tile increased greatly, exceeding any previous era. Taking iron smelting as an example, the iron works in Ming Dynasty were all located in mountainous areas with rich forest resources. "Charcoal must be close to the old forest, so the ironworks will always open next to the old forest. If the old forest is gradually empty, it is useless to fan out the ore. " [15] (Volume 9 "mountain products") The day when the iron works closed, that is, when the forest was cut down. Cizhou (now Cixian), Wu 'an, Shexian along Taihang Mountain and Zunhua, Qian 'an and Lulong in Yanshan Mountain area all have relatively developed mining and metallurgy industries. For example, Zunhua Iron Smelter was founded in the first year of Yongle and closed in the ninth year of Wanli. 178 * * * exists. Zunhua Iron and Steel Metallurgical Plant uses firewood and charcoal as fuel to smelt all kinds of raw steel and cooked steel. According to Zheng Denian's calculation, the raw and cooked steel produced by the iron works produces more than 750,000 kilograms every year, and consumes millions of kilograms of firewood and charcoal fuel. This way of energy consumption, which uses a lot of charcoal as fuel, has almost exhausted the trees in mountainous factories in Jizhou, Zunhua, Feng Run, Yutian, Luanzhou, Qian 'an and other counties. "At that time, the trees were lush and firewood was easy. After more than 100 years of construction, the trees in the mountain field were cut down, which caused the high cost of firewood today [1] (Addendum 2 "Zun" exhausted the source of firewood and charcoal, and finally decided to stop smelting for nine years in Wanli, and the iron works and the mountain field were closed as a whole. Other handicrafts, such as glass made in the capital and bricks made in the black kiln factory, are all burned with firewood, which also consumes a lot of firewood.
Since the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, the war with the northern minorities has been going on for years, and a large number of trees have been cut down and burned by the war. During the Tianshun period in Ming Yingzong, Jin Yiwei ordered Wang Ying to talk about eight things. One of them is that "guarding the border is not good at burning wasteland, so that Huma has no grass to rely on, and accumulating grain is not good at farming." [16] (Volume 25) Ming Yingzong adopted the policy of "burning wasteland". The so-called burning is to burn the weeds that hinder the lookout and help the enemy soldiers to lurk. In order to ensure the safety of the frontier fortress, the nine frontier fortress governors of the Ming Dynasty often sent Ding Zhuang into Mongolian nomadic areas to pound nests and burn wasteland. For example, in the Great Wall of Gubeikou, "in Hongzhi, Youyang and Zhang Qiong, the defenders started a border incident because of burning wasteland, shielding and killing innocent people." [1] (Volume 232 "Jizhou Town") "The nearby area was hacked by Hu Shouzhong during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. Since Liao and Yuan Dynasties, the ancient trees have been slightly exhausted." [17] In order to defend Mongolian fighters, the Great Wall was built more than 20 times in the Ming Dynasty, only the Great Wall in Jizhou Town, "east to Shanhai and west to Juyongguan, with a distance of more than 2,370 miles." [1] (Volume 304 "Trimming") At that time, hundreds of thousands of sergeants and civilian workers lived along the Great Wall. They build shacks, horse racks, eat, boil water, burn bricks and lime, keep warm, and tie wooden racks to repair enemy towers, which is bound to cut down countless trees.
Deforestation has caused more serious and thorough damage to forests. Although the Ming government banned cutting wood in key places on the hillside, it did not ban land reclamation, so the powerful families of rich officials often took the opportunity to cut down trees and establish private villages by reclaiming land. In this case, Yanmen, Ningwu and Piandian Pass in Shanxi are the most important, but "this disadvantage is not limited to the three passes in Shanxi, but also the passes such as Bauhinia, Daoma, Juyongguan and Longquan" [19] (volume 123). In addition, the phenomenon of officials, soldiers, businessmen and people selling wood for profit and deforestation is also very serious. In the ninth year of Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, Wu Zhong, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, worked and said, "Meiyu, Jiulongkou and Wufushan in Yuzhou are all productive places and should be cultivated for national use. Today, the military and civilians cut trees without authorization, and they are also prohibited. " However, on the grounds of "the benefit of mountains and rivers, the benefit of the ancient times and the benefit of the people * * *" [6] (volume11), Xuanzong of Ming Dynasty refused Wuzhong's invitation and let it be cut down, resulting in the phenomenon of indiscriminate mining of forests in Yuzhou, Baoan House and Baoan Wei. Until Qin Long, "the cultivation of folk fuelwood cannot be prohibited by some companies" [20] (Volume 33). Its long-term damage can be imagined.
After the Qing Dynasty, due to the changes in border areas, the former forests were no longer necessary for defense, so the official management was further weakened, agricultural production was further developed, the population was increased, and the flag land in the plain area was expanded, which accelerated the reclamation of mountainous areas. Due to the introduction of sweet potatoes, potatoes and other crops suitable for planting in mountainous areas, the population and villages in mountainous areas have developed rapidly. According to the census of geographical names in Hebei Province, 9% ~ 18% of the villages in Quyang, Fuping, Luquan, Jingxing, Shexian and Wu 'an counties (cities) in Taihang Mountain area were formed in Qing Dynasty. The number of villages in mountainous areas increased by about 14% compared with that in Ming Dynasty. The population and cultivated land increased accordingly. For example, in Luquan (now Luquan), in Jiajing, the number of households was 2 158 and the population was 2,6091,while in Guangxu, the number of households was 3 1846 and the population was 17602 1. Cultivated land increased from 962.5 hectares in Wanli to 1747. 1 hectare in Daoguang [2 1] (Ji Fu, Volume 4). The increase of cultivated land area is undoubtedly at the expense of the reduction of the original vegetation belt. Large-scale deforestation damages forest vegetation far more than deforestation.
Long-term excessive predatory logging has exhausted the forests in the mountainous areas of Haihe River Basin. Research shows that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the forest coverage rate of Taihang Mountain was 50%. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it dropped from 30% to less than 15%. In the Qing Dynasty, it dropped from 15% to about 5%, and it dropped below 5% in the Republic of China [23](p60). In many places, rocks are bare and nothing grows.
three
Forest is the largest ecosystem on land, which plays an important role in water conservation, wind and sand fixation, soil and water conservation, climate adjustment and ecological balance, and is the most important material and energy exchange hub in nature. The forest is the patron saint of water. Good vegetation in the upper reaches of the river is like a huge reservoir, which can regulate the river runoff and reduce the flood peak. According to research, the maximum reduction of forest to flood peak can reach 50%, and forest land can accumulate 70-270 mm precipitation in a continuous rainfall. Deforestation means destroying ecological balance and soil erosion, and the consequence is frequent disasters.
Hydrological conditions of rivers have deteriorated. Destroying forests will destroy water conservation conditions, which will inevitably lead to the deterioration of river hydrological conditions, the sharp decline of water sources, the increase of sediment, the rapid rise and fall of water levels and the frequent migration of rivers. For example, Yongding River was called "Qingquan River" because of its crystal clear water quality during the Han and Wei Dynasties. From its own clear written records to the two or three thousand years in 936 AD, there are few records of flood diversion. On the contrary, it not only brings the benefits of irrigation one after another, but also brings the convenience of shipping to people. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, due to the destruction of a large area of forests in the upper reaches, the destruction speed of forests exceeded its natural regeneration ability, and the original litter layer and completely decomposed humus layer on the surface were washed away, and the water in the "Qingquan River" gradually turned black. "Call black for Lu", hence the name Lugou River. With the destruction of Taihang Mountain forest and the aggravation of soil erosion, the river becomes turbid and carries a lot of sediment. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was renamed Hunhe River, also known as Little Yellow River. The construction of Dadoucheng in Yuan Dynasty aggravated the destruction of Taihang Mountain forest, and the Hunhe River changed its course more frequently and its riverbed changed irregularly, so it was renamed as "Wuding River". During the reign of Kangxi, a dam was built on the river under Lugou Bridge. Emperor Kangxi named the Wuding River "Yongding River", hoping that the unruly Wuding River would settle down from now on. However, due to the destruction of forests and the intensification of soil erosion, the riverbed became shallower and shallower due to siltation a few years later, and the flood overflowed the newly-built riverbank, resulting in overflow of crevasses and erratic river migration. Yongding River flooded once in Liao Dynasty in 1994, once in Jin Dynasty in 22 years, once in Yuan Dynasty in 7 years, once in Ming Dynasty in 13 years and once in Qing Dynasty in 3.5 years. From 19 12- 1939, the river below Lugou Bridge of Yongding River overflowed 14 times, and two of them flooded into Beijing [24]. In recent hundreds of years, countless manpower, material resources and financial resources have been spent to control Yongding River, but the regulation and distribution mechanism of surface water circulation has not been mastered, and the result is not good. After the founding of New China, Guanting Reservoir was built in the middle reaches of Yongding River, which played a great role in regulating peak flow and supplementing irrigation water, and basically freed the downstream areas from the threat of flood. However, due to the lag of afforestation in barren hills suitable for forest in the basin, soil erosion is still serious in most areas of Yongding River, which leads to the danger of siltation in new reservoirs. Since 1965, the Yongding River has been continuously cut off, which is beyond recognition. The hydrological conditions of other rivers in Haihe River Basin have also deteriorated seriously. In 1950s, South Canal, Wei Canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, Jiyun Canal and other rivers had water all the year round, which was a golden shipping waterway with a navigation mileage of 3,500 kilometers. Since 1960s, rivers in the middle and lower reaches of Haihe River Basin have lost running water and dried up one after another. More than 4,000 kilometers of plain rivers have basically become seasonal rivers.
Floods and droughts often occur. After the forest was destroyed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "forest reservoir" in Haihe River basin disappeared, losing the function of storing rainwater and regulating flow, which aggravated the flood. Before the Ming Dynasty, the mountains in the upper reaches of Haihe River basin were densely forested, with less floods and less disasters. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, due to the increasingly serious destruction of mountain forests, the sponge aquifer composed of litter in mountain forests disappeared, and the floods in Haihe River basin gradually increased. According to statistics, it happened every 8.8 years in the Tang and Five Dynasties, every 4 years in the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, once in the Yuan Dynasty, once in the Ming Dynasty, once in the Qing Dynasty and once in the Republic of China. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, floods affected up to 24 counties, increased to forty or fifty or sixty or seventy counties in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and expanded to eighty or ninety or even more than one hundred counties in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China [25]. Statistics show that with the increasingly serious destruction of mountain forests, the frequency of floods in Haihe River basin is getting higher and higher, the scope is getting wider and wider, and the degree of harm is getting more and more serious.
After the ecological environment of Haihe River basin was destroyed, the climate and underlying surface conditions changed, the air humidity decreased and the rainfall conditions decreased, which led to the intensification of drought. During the period from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty 1 103, there were 7 droughts in Hebei, with an average of 6.4 droughts every hundred years. In the future, with the increasingly serious forest destruction, drought is also increasing. 25 times in Ming dynasty, 4/kloc-0 times in Qing dynasty and 5 1.4 times in Republic of China [26](p3). This shows that the frequency of drought is directly proportional to the degree of forest vegetation destruction, and the more serious the forest vegetation destruction, the greater the frequency of drought.
Sedimentation and siltation. Historically, lakes, lakes, rivers, gullies, evil lakes and ponds have spread all over the Haihe River basin plain. After the middle of Ming dynasty, with the intensification of soil erosion caused by deforestation in Taihang Mountain, almost all lakes were deposited to the ground. For example, in today's Baiyangdian and Wen 'anwa areas, the lakes clearly recorded in Water Mirror Notes include Dawo Lake, Xiaowo Lake, Fanyangpi Lake, Fox Lake, Dapu Lake, Yangcheng Lake, Xiaoni Lake and Dani Lake. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to prevent the Qidan cavalry from going south, the Song Dynasty took advantage of the low terrain and dense rivers around Baiyangdian and Wen 'anwa, and painstakingly built a "pond" defense line. Shen Kuo recorded its scale in "Meng Qian Bi Tan": "Shen Yuan grew up in the northwest of Zizhou, and Gu Ni Haikou was in the east of Cangzhou, hundreds of miles away, knowing its poverty, while the wide one was 60 miles away, so far leaning against the fence." At that time, there were more than 30 lakes in Luo Tang. Later, due to the decision of the Yellow River's three northern expeditions, it flowed through the Central Plains to seize the Yushui River and occupied Luo Tang. For more than 60 years, "muddy water is flat" [27] (volume 92 "River Canal"). In addition, the "Zhangshui, Xutuo, Zhuoshui and Sanggan" introduced into the pond naturally brought a lot of sediment. Therefore, since Song Huizong, this pond has "dried up". However, by the middle of Ming Dynasty, due to the large amount of sediment brought by the southward migration of Yongding River, the boundary river in the Northern Song Dynasty had been silted up, and the nearby surface runoff gathered in the Tanghu area on the south side of the boundary river, forming many new lakes with a certain scale. For example, Baiyangdian, which spans Renqiu, Xin 'an and Levin counties, is 60 times a week; Lake Gao Qiao in Bazhou reaches 400 miles per week; The triangle lake in the south of Wuqing county flows back more than 200 miles a week; The Wuguan Lake in Renqiu County is also home to many streams, and its east is connected with the Triangle Lake in Wuqing County. During the Jiajing period, there were 29 lakes in Xiongxian County, the largest of which was Maoer Bay, which spread over 100 miles in zhi gu. These lakes in the central plain of the Ming Dynasty were called East West Lake. TEPCO extends the borders of Bazhou, Wen 'an, Dacheng, Wuqing, Dong 'an and Jinghai, with a length of more than 160 miles from east to west, 20 miles from north to south, 67 miles from six to seven miles from sixty-seven, and is the intersection of seventy-two Qinghe rivers. Yongding River comes from the northwest and Ziya River comes from the southwest. "[28]" Xidian land spans the territory of Xiongxian and Xinxian, which is both wide and deep, and all the waters in the northwest mountains meet. " [29] (Volume II "Zhili River Affairs") Since the Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, due to the introduction of Yongding River containing a lot of sediment, the Dongdian Lake Group has been silted up one after another, "changing into mulberry fields" [29] (Volume II "Prediction of River Regulation"). Take Triangle Lake as an example. Triangle Lake is the main water storage lake of Dongdian Lake. Jiaqing's Annals of the Qing Dynasty said that "in ancient times, the Triangle Lake was the largest, but it was above Xigu, so all the waters must be here, and now it is gradually silting up and getting smaller" [30] (Shuntianfu). By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Triangle Lake had been "silted to the ground". The rest of the lakes are also "mostly silted up" or only shallow wrasse is left, or turned into mulberry fields "[29] (Volume 2, Wen 'an River Embankment Affairs). In recent decades, Dongdian Lake Group has silted into Wen 'anwa.
The West Lake is becoming shallower and shallower. Baiyangdian is the most famous in Xidian system. There are, soup, clear water, government, Cao, waterfalls and equal rivers in the territory, commonly known as "the lower tip of Jiujiang". Due to the aggravation of forest destruction and soil erosion, Baiyangdian Lake was seriously silted during Hongzhi period. In the Qing Dynasty, rivers entered the lake, the water was wide and slow, the sediment sank and the tail silted frequently [3 1] (square). The siltation of the whole Baiyangdian Lake has developed at an unprecedented speed. Before the reservoir was built in the upper reaches of 1950s, the annual sediment discharge of Tanghe River and Zhulong River reached 3.7 million cubic meters [32](P2 1). According to the investigation of Haihe Committee of the Ministry of Water Resources in 198 1, from the first year of Qing Shunzhi to the seventh year of Guangxu (1650- 188 1), the lake area decreased by 9/1. As far as the deposition speed of Baiyangdian Lake is concerned, although the previous speed cannot be estimated, the total volume of Baiyangdian Lake has decreased by 3.225 billion cubic meters during the 42 years from 1924 to 1966 (P77) [33]. Since the 1960s, Baiyangdian Lake has dried up seven times, and the longest drying time is five consecutive years 1984- 1988.
In the south of Haihe Plain, most lakes represented by Lu Ze in the pre-Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties also silted up and disappeared. As a "kidney of the earth", the lake has been silted up, dried up, and the area of the lake area has been shrinking, which greatly reduces its functions of regulating climate, storing floods, purifying water, providing wildlife habitat and serving as a biological gene bank.
To sum up, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the forest resources in the mountainous areas of Haihe River Basin have been devastated by buildings, charcoal burning, smelting, war damage and deforestation in Beijing, resulting in a series of environmental problems, especially the aggravation of soil erosion, the deterioration of river hydrological conditions, frequent floods and droughts, and the flattening or shrinking of plain lakes and sediments. This is nature's merciless punishment for deforestation and environmental damage. As the largest and most complex ecosystem on land, forest has a significant and far-reaching impact on the regional environment. Therefore, in the process of regional economic development, the development of the environment should be moderate, and the relationship between people and the environment should be coordinated. If we do not pay attention to the protection of precious forest resources, it will destroy the regional ecological balance and lead to serious ecological problems. This is a historical lesson left by deforestation since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. [References]
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