Around the first century A.D., there were more than 100 small countries all over Japan (some of them established diplomatic relations with the Eastern Han Dynasty). Later, these small countries gradually unified. In the 4th century A.D., relatively large countries were established in Kansai, and it is said that the ancestors of today's royal family finally unified these countries. At that time, Japan included western Honshu, northern Kyushu and Shikoku.

It took a long time for this country to be unified. Therefore, it is difficult for us to make an accurate judgment on the exact date of the birth of Japan. According to Records of Historical Records and Records of Japan, the first emperor Emperor Jimmu was founded in 660 BC and acceded to the throne. The date of his accession to the throne is equivalent to 1 1 in the current Gregorian calendar, so this day is designated as the "founding day".

First, ancient times

1. Wensheng Times

The Japanese archipelago has been inhabited by human ancestors since the Pleistocene, and the formation of Japanese race and Japanese prototype is considered to be the rope age from 1 10,000 years ago to around the 3rd century BC. At that time, several people or more than a dozen people lived in a vertical pit-like hut and made a living by hunting, fishing and gathering, which constituted a society without distinction between rich and poor and class.

2. Yayoi era

In the third century BC, rice cultivation and the use of metal utensils were introduced from Korea to northern Kyushu. Rice planting technology has brought epoch-making changes to Japanese society, expanded production, produced the difference between rich and poor, and made rural people tend to collectivize politically. The beliefs and customs brought by farming gradually spread in the society, forming the embryonic form of Japanese culture.

3. Ancient tomb era

In the middle of the fourth century, the Yamato regime unified the small separatist countries. With the unification of the country, the ancient graves, represented by the front and back round graves, have expanded to all parts of the country. This period was the period when many knowledge and technologies from China were introduced into Japan. In the fourth century, the Yamato regime absorbed the high material civilization of the mainland; In the 5th century A.D., foreigners (naturalized citizens) from the Korean Peninsula brought iron-making, pottery-making, textile, metal technology, civil engineering and other technologies, and at the same time began to use China's Chinese characters. In the sixth century, Confucianism was formally accepted and Buddhism was introduced to Japan.

In the 7th century, Shoto Kutaishi devoted itself to political innovation, and set out to establish a centralized country with the emperor as the center. This practice followed the example of Sui and Tang Dynasties and absorbed mainland culture more actively. By the end of the ninth century, it had sent more than a dozen envoys to Sui and Tang Dynasties.

4. Nara era

In 7 10, the Japanese capital Heichengjing (now Nara and its suburbs) ushered in a prosperous period of a country ruled by law. But at this time, the poverty of farmers, the increase of vagrants, and the collapse of the commons citizenship system caused by the expansion of manor began to expose contradictions. During this period, due to the state's efforts to protect Buddhism, Buddhist culture, especially Buddhist art, began to flourish. For example, the bird culture that created Japanese Buddhist culture in the early seventh century; The unique baifeng culture in the late seventh century; In the middle of the eighth century, under the influence of the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Tian Ping culture embodied rich human emotions in a realistic way, and so on.

Compared with Buddhist art, the cultural pyramid of this period is a collection of leaves. During the 400 years before the middle of the eighth century, The Collection of Ye Wan collected about 4,500 harmony songs from civilians to emperors, which truly reflected the simple life feelings of ancient Japanese. In addition, Hongzhi (7 12), The Book of Japan (720) and China's poetry collection Huaifengzao (75 1) are all cultural heritages of this period.

5. In peacetime

At the end of the eighth century, Japan moved its capital to Ping 'an (now the capital of Beijing) in an attempt to rebuild the legal system. However, due to the collapse of the commons citizenship system, the country fell into financial difficulties. After sending the last batch of envoys to the Tang Dynasty in 894, it stopped, so it stopped absorbing a lot of mainland culture. 10, 1 1 century, Fujiwara monopolized the political power, with the manor as the economic basis and the most powerful political power. However, due to local political chaos and public security chaos, the samurai group became stronger. By the end of 1 1, in order to fight Fujiwara, the "imperial government" was implemented (referring to the last emperor in Heian period and the acting emperor of the French emperor in power), so the samurai entered the central political circle.

The Heian period has its own cultural characteristics. Influenced by the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century, Hong Ren and Zhenguan culture in Tantric and Sinology are still very prosperous. However, after the direct communication with the mainland was cut off after the tenth century, Japan's unique aristocratic culture came into being. His representative works include The First Collection of Poems and Songs, Collection of Ancient and Modern Harmony Songs (at the beginning of the tenth century), The Story of Genji, the oldest novel in the world (at the beginning of the eleventh century), and Essays on Pillow Grass (around AD 1000).

Second, the Middle Ages (12 to16th century)

1. Kamakura era

/kloc-At the end of 0/2 century, the Yuan Dynasty won the title of the first generation general who conquered foreign countries and established a shogunate in Kamakura, from which the samurai regime was born, resulting in the opposition between martial politics and public politics. In the late thirteenth century, the samurai rule of the shogunate began to face difficulties, and the Kamakura shogunate gradually embarked on the road of extinction.

Culturally, based on the aristocratic culture in the past, it absorbed the Zen culture introduced into Japan in the Song Dynasty and cultivated a vivid, realistic, simple and unique martial arts culture. In terms of religion, Kamakura Buddhism was founded by famous monks such as Fran, Qinluan and Rilian, and gained the faith of all walks of life. /kloc-Zen Buddhism, which was introduced to Japan in the 0/2 century, attracted the attention of the Kanto samurai, and a new trend appeared in the art field. In literature, the novel "The Story of the Pingding Family" with the background of the pacification war appeared (the original was born in 13 century), which is an outstanding representative of the story of ancient Japanese soldiers.

2. Muromachi era

/kloc-in the first half of the 4th century, after the general who conquered foreign countries, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, stabilized the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto, for more than two centuries, the militarists overwhelmed the masses and were in an advantage in politics and culture. Because the Muromachi shogunate was established by gathering powerful names, the ruling ability of the shogunate itself was relatively weak. In January of the first year of Ren Ying (1467), Ren Ying's rebellion broke out, and famous soldiers from all over the country rose in succession. Muromachi shogunate crumbled, and Japan entered the Warring States period. In the name of the warring States period, it became a powerful independent regime that ruled the local land and people.

In terms of culture, both aristocratic culture and martial artist culture are influenced by Zen. /kloc-Beishan culture represented by Jingu Temple in the late 4th century and Dongshan culture represented by Yinta Temple in the late 5th century are very developed. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Portuguese and Spanish came to Japan and introduced guns and Christianity. It was an era of active culture.

Three. Modern times (from16th century to19th century)

1. Warring States Period (the end of Muromachi, An Tian and Taoshan periods)

After the Ren Ying Uprising, great names in various parts of Japan rose in succession, and wars raged, making people miserable. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, there appeared a lean man who was determined to unify Japan by force and end troubled times. He was Nobutaka Oda. In the third year of Lu Yong (1560), Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto's 40,000 troops with 2,000 men in a narrow wooden barrel and became famous at one fell swoop. Later, we gradually unified Zhang Wei and Feng Jingen, and prepared to attack Yin Shan and Yang Shan. During this period, Nobunaga built the magnificent Antu City. So nobunaga's era is called "An Cheng era".

In the tenth year of Tianzheng (1582), the change of Benneng Temple broke out and Nobuka died. Yukio Hatoyama is an important official of Oda. He defeated Akechi Mitsuhide and Shibata Katsuie successively and established his successor status. After that, Japan was gradually unified through the Four Kingdoms Conquest, the Kyushu Conquest and the Battle of Odahara. Later, the emperor gave the surname "Toyotomi" and was awarded the post of "Guan Bai". Toyotomi Hideyoshi's era is called "Taoshan Age".

In the third year of Qing Dynasty (1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in the Taoshan Castle in Fujian. Feng Chen's family is divided into two factions: near the river (western army) and Wei Zhang (eastern army). As one of the five elders of the Toyotomi regime, Tokugawa Ieyasu launched the Guanyuan War in the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (1600), defeated the western army and established the Tokugawa regime. In the eighth year of Changqing (1603), the Tokugawa shogunate was established and the Warring States period ended.

2. Edo era

In the eighth year of Keinaga (1603), Tokugawa Ieyasu was made a foreign general and established a shogunate regime in Edo (now Tokyo). After that, the Tokugawa family ruled the country for more than 260 years. This period is called the edo period. Tokugawa shogunate strictly controlled emperors, nobles, temples and shrines, and tried its best to rule farmers who supported the wooden model system. In the 9th year of Yuanhe (1623), Guang Jia, the third generation general of Tokugawa family, came to power and ordered the country to be locked up. Foreigners are forbidden to come to Japan, and Japanese people are also forbidden to travel overseas, except Nagasaki and its border sites, which are open as foreign ports. Due to behind closed doors, Mufan system ushered in a stable period. However, with the development of industry and commodity economy, the management system of farmers' self-sufficiency collapsed, and the mufan system began to shake in the18th century.

The common people culture is the characteristic of this period. From the end of 17 century to the beginning of 18 century, Luyuan culture was a samurai and merchant culture centered on Kyoto and Osaka (called Kyoto and Osaka by local people in Kanto, Japan). The clean glass of dolls, kabuki, ukiyo-e paintings and handicrafts are very prosperous. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the normalized culture moved to Edo, and novels, kabuki, ukiyo-e paintings and literati paintings presented rich and colorful merchant culture.

Fourth, modern times (1end of 9th century to present)

1. Meiji era

At the end of the edo shogunate, natural disasters continued, the Tokugawa era was corrupt and the people were poor. Moreover, the financial difficulties of the shogunate made most of the middle and lower samurai more and more dissatisfied with the shogunate. At the same time, western capitalist powers knocked on the door of Japan, which has not been locked for more than 200 years.

Under the double pressure of internal troubles and foreign invasion, the Japanese gradually realized that only by overthrowing the Tokugawa era and learning from capitalist countries is Japan's way to prosperity. So a vigorous closing movement began. Samoan and Changzhou warriors played an important role in this movement to overthrow the Tokugawa era. 186865438+1October 3rd, the defectors representing the interests of the bourgeoisie and the emerging landlord class, under the leadership of Kubo Junyi, Saigō Takamori and Hiroyuki, known as the "three outstanding reformers", successfully staged a coup, forcing Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th generation general of the Tokugawa shogunate, to hand over the political power, and the newly acceded Meiji Emperor promulgated "Restoration of the Kings". This is the Meiji Restoration in Japanese history. Japan has since embarked on the capitalist road.

1868 (the second year of Meiji), Emperor Meiji moved the capital to Edo and changed its name to Tokyo. After that, a series of major reforms were carried out in politics, economy, culture, education and diplomacy. Japan's national strength is getting stronger and stronger. Later, in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the Russo-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was defeated, and the Russian Pacific Fleet and Baltic Fleet were completely annihilated. Japan has become one of the imperialist powers.

2. The era of Taisho, Showa and Heisei

Compared with the historical progress made in Meiji era, Emperor Taishō is called "the unfortunate Great Truth". Emperor Taishi was in office for fifteen years, and his political achievements were far less than those of Meiji. Moreover, he was trapped by encephalopathy all his life and was finally forced to give up the right to rest. Prince Hirohito was the regent.

1926, Hirohito ascended the throne, with the year number "Showa", namely Hirohito. For people in China, South Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the first 30 years of the Showa era were dark. At this time, the Japanese government was committed to aggression and expansion. 193 1 year (the 6th year of Showa), the "September 18th Incident" broke out and the Japanese army occupied the northeast of China. 1937 (Showa 12) On July 7, 2007, the Japanese army provoked the Lugouqiao Incident and launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. 194 1 year (showa 16), the Japanese attacked pearl harbor and the Pacific war broke out. This period not only brought profound disasters to the people in China, Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, but also brought pain and difficulties to the Japanese people. This is the darkest period in the history of Japan and Sino-Japanese relations.

1945 (20th year of Showa) On August15th, the Japanese army surrendered. The U.S. military occupied Japan and changed Japan's autocratic imperial power system into a constitutional monarchy, and the emperor was preserved as a symbol of Japan.

1989 (in the 64th year of Showa, the first year of Heisei), Hirohito fell ill. Crown Prince Akihito acceded to the throne and changed his title to "Heisei".

Norman dynasty

Nuoman home

1066- 1087 William II, king of William I and conqueror of William I]] King William II Rufus "Red King"

1100-1135 king Henry I received a good education, Beauclerc, Henry I, "gentle king".

1135-1154 king Stephen (bulova dynasty)

Anqiao home

Anjou home

1154-1189 King Henry II Coatman called "the king of short cloaks".

1189-1199 king Rechard Ⅰ is in Lionheart, Richard I.

1199-1216 "No Land King" in King John, John King.

The Plantagenets

The Plantagenets

12 16- 1272 king Henry III of Henry III.

1272- 1307 king Edward I of England of England's long-legged king of Edward I of England.

Edward II King Edward II

1327- 1377 king Edward III of Edward III

King Richard II Richard II

Lancaster college

house of lancaster

1399- 14 13 King Henry IV

14 13- 1422 king Henry V of Henry V.

1422- 146 1, 1470- 147 1 king Henry VI of Henry VI.

York family

York family

146 1- 1483 king Edward IV of England Edward IV of England of England.

1483 king Edward V of England Edward V of England of England

King Richard of Richard III.

Tudor dynasty

Tudor dynasty

King henry vii of henry vii.

King Henry VIII

Edward VI of England of Edward VI of England, King of England

1553 Ms. Jane Grey Jane Grey

1553- 1558 bloody "bloody Mary" of queen Mary I of Mary I.

Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth I

Stuart dynasty

Stewart House

1603- 1625 king James I of James I

King Charles I

* * * and the government

Oliver cromwell, lord protector

Richard cromwell, lord protector

The restoration of Stuart dynasty

Stewart House

King Charles II of charles ii.

1685- 1688 king James II of James II

1689- 1694 king William III and queen Mary ii of William III and Mary Ⅱ

1694- 1702 king William III of William III

1702- 17 14 Queen Anne.

Hanover family

Hanover House

King George I George I

King George II George II

1760- 1820 King George III

King George IV of George IV.

1830- 1837 king William IV of William IV

1837- 190 1 Queen Victoria.

Saxony-Coburg-Gotha dynasty

Saxony-Coburg-Gotha Parliament

1901-1910 Edward VII.

19 10- 1936 King George V.

Windsor royal family

Windsor family

19 10- 1936 King George V.

1936 King Edward VIII

King George VI of George VI

Queen Elizabeth II

Scottish monarch

Yarbin dynasty

Albin family

Kenneth I of Scotland Macalpin, King of Kenneth I of Scotland.

King Donald I Donald I

Constantine I

King ed, king Aed

King okade

King Donald II Donald II

King Constantine King Constantine II.

Dunkel's dynasty

Dunkel de family

King Malcolm I

King Endor of Endor

King Duff

King Trillian of Colin

King Kenneth II

Constantine III King Constantine III

King Kenneth III Kenneth III

King Malcolm II Malcolm II

Duncan I King Duncan I

King Macbeth

King Lula of Lula

Canmore dynasty

Canmore home

King Malcolm III Malcolm III.

King Donald Ban

Duncan II King Duncan II

Donald Ban and Edmund (both in power) King Donald Ban and Edmund.

Edgar King Edgar's "King of Peace"

King Alexander's fierce "grumpy king"

King David I

Malcolm IV King Malcolm IV Girl "Unmarried King"

King William Lion William "Lion King"

Alexander II King Alexander II

King Alexander III Alexander III

Queen Margaret (Norwegian maid)

Barriol dynasty

Balliol family

John barry Orr

Bruce dynasty

Bulusi home

Robert I (Roy Burris), King Robert I Bruce.

King David II of David II of Scotland

Stuart dynasty

Stewart House

King Robert II

King Robert III (1390- 1406)

King James I of James I (1406- 1437)

King James II of James II (1437- 1460)

King James III of James III (1460- 1488)

King James IV of James IV (1488- 15 13)

James v of scotland, james v of scotland, Scotland (15 13- 1542)

Mary, Queen of Mary Stuart in Scotland.

King James VI James VI

Anglo-Saxon monarch

Wessex dynasty

Wessex family

Egbert King Egbert

King Ethelwoff

King Ethelbold of Ethelbad

King Ethelbert of Ethelbert.

Ethel Reid I

Alfred the Great King Alfred the Great

Old King Edward I of England, King Edward I of England of England, "King of Elders"

Ethelstan King Athelstan

King Edmund I Edmund I

Edred King Edred

Edwin King Edvi Sheesh

Edgar King Edgar's "King of Peace"

King Edward II Edward II martyr "martyr king"

King Ethel Reid II Ethel Reid II was "brainless" unprepared.

King Edmund Ii Ironside of Edmund Ii "King of Armor"

Danish dynasty

Denmark line

Cnut the Great the Great (Danish Knud den Branch)

Harold I (Harald) Harald I, Harefoot "rabbit foot king"

Knut II (Harthacnut)

Wessex dynasty

Wessex family

King Edward III of Edward III confessor "confessor"

Harold II Harold godwin