I. Basic concepts
(1) Qiang people
Qiang is one of the oldest ethnic groups in China. At present, there are more than 300,000 Qiang people, mainly living in Maoxian, Wenchuan and Lixian in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County in Mianyang City, and the rest are scattered in Songpan, Heishui, Jiuzhaigou and Pingwu counties in Aba Prefecture. Qiang people call themselves "Ermayina" and "Ermai".
The Qiang inhabited area in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture is located on the southeast edge of the northwest Sichuan Plateau, upstream of Minjiang River and Fujiang River. It borders Beichuan, Anxian and Mianzhu counties in the east, Shifang, Pengxian and Dujiangyan in the south, Marcand and Hongyuan in the west and Jiuzhaigou in the north. The residential area covers an area of 30,363 square kilometers with a total population of more than 870,000. Among them, the population of Qiang nationality is more than 65,438+600,000, accounting for 1.8% of the total population. It is the main inhabited area of the Qiang people in China and the core area of the Qiang culture in China.
1On July 7th, 958, Maoxian County, Wenchuan County and Lixian County merged to form Maoxian Qiang Autonomous County with Weizhou Town as the county seat. 1963, the organizational system of Wenchuan County and Lixian County was restored, and the county seat of Maoxian Qiang Autonomous County moved back to Fengyi Town. 1On July 24th, 987, the State Council revoked Mao Wen Qiang Autonomous County, restored Maoxian County, and took the administrative area of Mao Wen Qiang Autonomous County as Maoxian County. Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture was renamed Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture.
(B) Qiang culture
Up to now, the oldest and most mature script found in China is Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which is the representative script of Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago. The word "Qiang" appeared in ancient Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it is the only word about the title of a nation (or clan or tribe). "Qiang" is the earliest human race number record in China. "The shepherd in Xirong is strong, and the sheep follow the people, and the sheep also sound." The Qiang people take sheep as their totem.
According to historical records, Emperor Yan, namely Shennong, was the earliest ancestor of Qiang people who turned to agricultural production, and most Qiang people lived a nomadic life. Qiang people have their own language, but they don't have their own writing. The religious belief of the Qiang nationality is in the primitive stage. They worship gods, mountain gods, earth gods, sheep gods and tree gods, and white represents good luck and kindness. In the eyes of the Qiang people, ivory Shi Ying is the embodiment of the gods. "Qiang Year" is a national holiday custom. The architectural art of Qiang nationality is unique and exquisite. With gravel as the material and yellow mud as the adhesive, thirteen or fourteen floors can be built, without drawing, hanging wires and column beam support, but with imagination, a flat-topped tower can be built. There is also the world-famous Wolong Nature Reserve in the Qiang area, which is home to rare animals that attract worldwide attention, such as giant pandas, golden monkeys and flying arcs.
In short, Qiang culture refers to all the achievements of social civilization created by the Qiang people in the natural environment where they live. It is the crystallization of the wisdom of the Qiang people and an important part of Chinese culture. Qiang culture includes the relationship between man and nature, as well as material and intangible cultural heritage, especially the ways, ideas and concepts of the Qiang people to inherit their own cultural traditions. The manifestations of Qiang culture are closely related to the production and life of the Qiang people, from language, clothing and diet to town planning, village layout, Qiang architecture, folk customs, folk arts, folk crafts, ceremonial festivals and so on. , all show a strong Qiang cultural heritage and distinctive local color. Qiang flute, Qiang multi-voice department, Qiang embroidery, Qiang Year and other national intangible cultural heritage lists, a large number of national key cultural relics protection units are among them. These cultural manifestations include material cultural heritage in material form and intangible cultural heritage in intangible cultural heritage form. The cultural customs and spirit of the Qiang nationality are still deeply rooted in the production and lifestyle of the people in the whole Qiang area, and they inherit the Qiang culture in different ways, retaining the Qiang dialect and life customs.
(3) Qiang cultural ecological zone
Qiang is one of the ancient ethnic groups in China, calling themselves "Ermayina" and "Ermai". Qiang people have been engaged in animal husbandry for a long time, and the development of the vast territory in northwest China cannot be separated from the hard work of the Qiang people. Legend has it that in ancient times, Jiang surname of Qiang nationality and Ji surname of Huangdi nationality both thrived in the western part of the motherland and were closely related to each other. The clan, also known as Jiang, and the Huangdi clan successively entered the Central Plains and merged into the Yanhuang clan. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, Qiang people were active in the vast northwest and central plains of the motherland. Qiang people have been recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins. Slave owners in the Shang Dynasty often captured Qiang people as slaves, and the leaders of Qiang people served as officials in the Yin Dynasty. Zhou's ancestors abandoned Jiang Yuan, the son of the Qiang people. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qiang people's surname Jiang had intermarried with the Zhou people's surname Ji, forming a long-term marriage group. The Qiang people who entered the Central Plains formed many Jiang surnames in the Zhou Dynasty, and gradually merged with the Yan and Huang clans and tribes to form the Huaxia nationality, which became an important part of the predecessor of the Han nationality. However, most Qiang people still live in the western part of the motherland, centering on the Yellow River, Huangshui River and Datong River basins in the east of Qinghai and Gansu provinces, with Shanshan in Xinjiang in the northwest and northwest Sichuan in the south. They are still in the primitive society, nomadic with water plants, and the shepherd industry is particularly prosperous; Shuowen explains that the word "Qiang" is from sheep to people, which is what it means.
The upper reaches of Minjiang River are the corridors of some ancient nationalities. According to archaeological data, there are many Neolithic cultural sites in this area, which shows that human beings lived and multiplied in this area very early. Painted pottery unearthed in Maoxian, Wenchuan and Lixian are similar to Majiayao cultural artifacts unearthed in Longxi and Longnan, indicating that the Neolithic culture in the upper reaches of Minjiang River is probably related to the migration of ancient Qiang people from northwest to south.
Qiang epic "Qiang War" reflects the migration of A Qiang people from Qinghai and Gansu to the upper reaches of Minjiang River. Among them, it is said that the Qiang people came to the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and met the powerful "Geji people". The Qiang people fought against it and were invincible. Fortunately, I got a revelation from God in my dream. I tied a wool around my neck as a symbol, used hard dolomite and wooden sticks as weapons, and defeated the "Geji people" who used hemp stalks and snowballs as weapons. Judging from the fact that modern Qiang people call the sarcophagus burial "Geji Jiaben" (meaning the tomb of Geji people), "Geji people" is another Qiang people who practice sarcophagus burial. Since they "used hemp as a weapon", it means that hemp was planted at that time. There are grains and spinning wheels in the tomb, which shows that they are the earliest tribes to farm here. According to the epic, the newly moved Qiang tribe leader is "Mi Bai". According to the custom of "taking father's surname and mother's surname as species names", it may be Baigou Qiang in China's historical records. This poem also shows that Baigou Qiang defeated Geji people with stone tools; After that, he settled in the upper reaches of Minjiang River and sent people to Yidu (the title of Chengdu in Han Dynasty, Qiang people still call Chengdu Yidu) to buy pigs. This also shows that Qiang people have started farming and have economic exchanges with Han people.
According to historical records, Ran, Malone and others who lived in Maoxian County in Han Dynasty belonged to De. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty says that "there are six Yi, seven Qiang and nine sides in its mountains, each with one". It can be seen that many Di and Qiang tribes lived in this area in the Han Dynasty, among which Ran and Malone were the most important. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened the western regions and set up four counties in Hexi, which isolated the connection between Xiongnu and Qiang people. At this time, some Qiang people were forced to go south from Gansu and Qinghai. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Dangchang, Deng and Qiang people in the northwest once extended their influence to the upper reaches of Minjiang River. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, other tribes, such as Xifeng, who originally lived in Hehe and Huanghai, were forced by Tubo to move south to Songpan and Maoxian. Jimi Prefecture, which belongs to the DuDu House of Tang Maofu, is set up for the Qiang tribes to join. Among them: Tuzhou, with Lin Tuqiang; Ranzhou, to buy Qiang; Yu Zhou, attached to Bai Gou Qiang, etc. For thousands of years, it is these Bianqiang tribes that have moved to Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian and Beichuan successively. After long-term integration and development, * * * has become the ancestors of the Qiang people in Maoxian and Wenchuan.
In the early Han Dynasty, the Bianqiang people in Maoxian, Wenchuan and Lixian were in the patriarchal society at the end of primitive commune, and they kept the customs of matriarchal clan society to varying degrees. They are engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Agriculture is mainly based on planting wheat; Animal husbandry mainly focuses on raising sheep, horses and yaks. They are good at weaving carpets, carpets of various colors and other woolen fabrics, rich in antelope, musk, velvet antler, pepper, honey, notopterygium and so on. Because of the cold terrain and low productivity at that time, they had nothing to do in winter, so they went to Chengdu Plain to work, build weirs and wells, and build walls and houses. Go home in summer. This reflects the close relationship between Qiang and Han nationalities for thousands of years. Qiang people taught masonry technology to Han areas and made outstanding contributions to Dujiangyan and other water conservancy projects. And learned some agricultural techniques from the Han nationality, which promoted the economic development of the Qiang area.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a county in Maoxian County, which was generally still ruled by tribal leaders. This is conducive to the reunification of the motherland and the economic and cultural exchanges between all ethnic groups. Iron ware was gradually introduced into Aba Prefecture, which promoted the improvement of productivity, made the polarization between the rich and the poor more obvious, and the society took a step forward.
During the Tang Dynasty, Tubo rose in Tibet. The upper reaches of Minjiang River became the place of communication between Tang and Tubo, and Maozhou was the political and military center of Tang. At that time, the agriculture here had entered the stage of ploughing, the social productivity was further improved, and the economic and political system developed accordingly. In the Tang Dynasty, the Governor's Mansion of Maozhou was established here, which was subordinate to the Ten Jimi Mansion and governed the areas east of Dadu River and south of Songpan in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The leader of the Qiang tribe is the state secretariat, ruling its original tribe and implementing hereditary system, which makes the Tang Dynasty obliged to pay tribute and send troops to help the war. With the development of Qiang agriculture and the strengthening of economic and cultural ties between Qiang and Han areas, the relationship between the central government of feudal dynasty and Qiang areas became closer.
After a long history, Maoxian has gradually become the main space for the reproduction and development of Qiang culture, which is distributed in Wenchuan, Lixian and Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County of Mianyang City. With the development of social history in China, today, the Qiang nationality has become one of the 56 ethnic groups in China. The experimental area of ecological protection of Qiang culture is a geographical area involved in the cultural circle of Qiang nationality, which comprehensively and integrally protects the cultural expressions carried by Qiang culture in the region where it occurs, develops and inherits.
Second, the scope of protection
With Maoxian as the core area, Wenchuan, Lixian and Beichuan Qiang Autonomous Counties in Mianyang as the key areas, the administrative areas and related areas of Aba Prefecture and Mianyang City are the protection scope of the Qiang cultural and ecological protection experimental zone, and the corresponding current administrative divisions are Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian, Songpan, Heishui, Jiuzhaigou, Beichuan and Pingwu counties in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. The experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of Qiang nationality has a total area of 39,204 square kilometers and a total population of 306 1 10,000.
Third, the object of protection.
The protection objects of the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality are the natural environment within its designated scope, namely (Wolong Nature Reserve, Qiangzhai in Tao Ping, Diaoqun in Yingzuihezhai, etc.). ), historical sites (Yingpanshan Cultural Site, Jiangjun Ancient Cultural Site, etc. ), especially the intangible cultural heritage that exists and inherits in a living state, that is, Qiang architecture, Qiang folk customs and so on.
1. List of intangible cultural heritage projects at all levels within the scope of the protection experimental area
Qiangdi is the most famous musical instrument of Qiang nationality, and it is an ancient double-tube and double-reed musical instrument in China. It has a history of more than 2000 years and is known as the "father" of Chinese folk music. The headdress of Qiang people in Qiangzhai, Hei Hu is a unique "filial piety" in the world, and it is called a world cultural wonder by ethnic experts. Seven national intangible cultural heritage lists, including Qiang flute, Waer Russian foot, Qiang multi-voice department and Qiang embroidery, and seven provincial intangible cultural heritage lists. There are 66 national intangible cultural lists and 73 county intangible cultural heritage lists/kloc-0. National representative inheritors 1 person, and 6 provincial representative inheritors.
2, the protection of cultural relics protection units at all levels within the scope of the experimental area
There are 1 1 national key cultural relics protection units, 14 provincial cultural relics protection units and 23 national cultural relics protection units in the nature reserve. Among them, Qiangzhai in Tao Ping, Qiangzhai in Hei Hu and Buwa Loess Bunker are one of the unique buildings of Qiang nationality. Yingpanshan Site was selected as one of the "Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China" finalists. It is a large-scale central settlement with the largest area, the earliest age and the richest cultural connotation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It represents the highest level of cultural development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River 5000 years ago.
3, nature reserves at all levels to protect the experimental area (unit)
World Natural Heritage: Wolong Nature Reserve and provincial nature reserves: Sanjiang Ecological Zone, Baiyang Nature Reserve, Caopo Nature Reserve, Jiuding Mountain Nature Reserve, Baodinggou Nature Reserve and miyaluo Scenic Area.
Fourth, the principle of protection
1, the basic principles of government leading, social participation, clear responsibilities and joint management; Long-term planning, distributed implementation, point-to-point integration, and pragmatic.
2. Working Principles (1) Carry out the working principles of Scientific Outlook on Development and implement the strategy of sustainable development. (2) Pay attention to the original ecology and authenticity protection, and adhere to the principle of authenticity and integrity of intangible cultural heritage protection. (3) People-oriented, guarantee and realize the working principle of protecting people's basic cultural rights in the experimental area. (4) Follow the working principle of overall planning and coordinated development. (five) correctly handle the relationship between the protection of intangible cultural heritage and the development of economy, tourism and cultural innovation, and adhere to the principle of giving priority to protection and rescue.
We should not only base ourselves on the present, but also focus on the long-term, follow the principle of "protecting the traditional way of life and improving the quality of life", and try our best to maintain the original architectural style, folk customs and rituals of the Qiang nationality; At the same time as the establishment of the Qiang cultural and ecological protection zone, the establishment of the Qiang cultural tourism characteristic industrial cluster fully reflects the integration and interaction between the Qiang cultural gathering area and the tourism resource-rich area, forms a new economic growth point for economic recovery and reconstruction in the disaster area, and realizes the effective combination of sustainable development, construction and protection; Reflect that the nature reserve is a whole, and it is necessary to implement the five-in-one rescue, protection, reconstruction, utilization and development; Break the boundaries between administrative divisions and regional customs, break the boundaries between economic construction, social construction and cultural construction, integrate the Qiang culture and intangible cultural heritage resources in the whole Qiang area, make overall consideration, make unified plans, make unified arrangements, and implement the construction of cultural protection areas and other constructions.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) protection mode
1. Improve the list system of intangible cultural heritage in the protection experimental area.
Further improve the intangible cultural heritage list system of each administrative division in the Qiang cultural and ecological protection experimental area, and construct the basic framework of intangible cultural heritage protection and cultural and ecological restoration.
2. Establish a digital cultural space.
With the help of modern digital technology, relying on the natural environment, material and intangible cultural heritage, cultural relics, architectural dwellings, national costumes, national documents, etc., we will innovate the rescue and reconstruction methods of Qiang culture. Focus on digital processing, and form a vivid and complete digital cultural space which is closely related to the actual cultural ecology of the Qiang nationality and the cultural tradition of the Qiang nationality, and take it as an organic part of the ecological protection experimental area.
3. Data collection
By collecting, recording, classifying and establishing archives, the protected objects are comprehensively, truly and systematically recorded by means of words, audio, video and digital media, and relevant physical materials are actively collected and properly preserved.
4. Maintain ecological culture
Create various conditions for the vitality of intangible cultural heritage expressions (or cultural space) in the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of Qiang nationality, maintain the ecological chain of cultural inheritance, and promote the effective inheritance of cultural expressions. Such as festivals, living customs and national sacrifices.
5. Protection of production mode and its value utilization
Protect intangible cultural heritage in a productive way, make rational use of its own value, and turn it into economic benefits and economic resources. Productive protection of intangible cultural heritage such as Qiang embroidery and Qiang flute is not only a continuation of artists' production and lifestyle, but also a unique and available excellent resource to increase economic benefits.
6. Protect inheritors
As a living culture, the essence of intangible cultural heritage is linked with specific cultural heritage themes. The experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality will take the inheritors as the core subject, and better inherit the intangible cultural heritage projects and respect the status of the inheritors through teaching, training and publicity.
Protective measures of intransitive verbs
1.
This paper makes a comprehensive investigation on the species, quantity, present situation and inheritors of the material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage in the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality, finds out the family background, and establishes archives and the "database of the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality" to provide decision-making basis for the protection work.
2. Pilots are preferred
Select areas and projects with relatively good conditions, make reasonable arrangements and manage at different levels, and carry out pilot protection work first, so as to provide experience for promoting the overall work of the protection experimental area.
3. Key breakthroughs
Focus on the projects that have a great impact on the overall protection of the experimental area, such as collecting the physical objects and materials of the intangible cultural heritage affected by the 5. 12 Wenchuan earthquake, protecting and encouraging the inheritors with unique skills and advanced age to accept disciples, supplementing and confirming the representative inheritors of the intangible cultural heritage projects killed by the earthquake, establishing a database of Qiang cultural resources, building a folk museum and workshop in A Qiang, and striving for policy and financial support and funding to produce good results.
4. Comprehensive protection
Through the improvement of the directory system, the identification of representative inheritors, the establishment of cultural space, the promotion of pilot projects and the attention of key projects, the overall protection of the experimental area will be comprehensively promoted.
5. Education and training
(1) Incorporate the protection of the cultural heritage of the Qiang people in the experimental area into local textbooks, popularize relevant knowledge among young people, and create effective ways for them to inherit traditional culture;
(2) Provide professional training for the protection workers in the protection experimental area.
6. Academic research
(1) set up related topics, organize experts and encourage master students and doctoral students in colleges and universities to carry out theoretical research on the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality;
(2) Hold various seminars, forums and exchanges of experience on cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang people, and actively carry out policy research and academic exchanges on cultural and ecological protection.
7. Publicity and popularization
(1) Use the Cultural Heritage Day and the Intangible Cultural Heritage Festival to hold exhibitions and performances, and constantly enhance people's awareness of cherishing traditional culture and participating in the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage;
(2) Publish the relevant achievements of the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality and the research of the Qiang culture, strengthen the publicity of the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection, and promote the popularization of intangible cultural heritage knowledge.
8. Establish specialized intangible cultural heritage museums, folklore museums and studios.
(1) Collect the intangible cultural heritage of the Qiang nationality as the basic display content of special museums and folk museums, and play the role of publicity, education and academic research;
(2) Set up A Qiang Cultural Workshop in the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of Qiang nationality to meet the necessary conditions for inheritors to carry out inheritance activities and cultivate inheritors.
Seven. safeguard measure
1. Organizational guarantee
(1) The working mechanism is led by the competent leaders of the state people's government, and the leaders of the State Cultural Bureau, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Education Bureau, the Ethnic Affairs Commission, the Finance Bureau, the Construction Bureau, the Tourism Bureau, the Religious Affairs Bureau, the Land and Resources Bureau and other relevant departments, as well as the main leaders of the cultural administrative departments at all levels within the scope of the protection experimental area, form the work leading group of the Qiang cultural and ecological protection experimental area. The main leaders of the cultural administrative departments at all levels within the scope of the protection experimental area are the group leaders, and the heads of other relevant departments are members, and the special working institutions of the protection experimental area are established step by step. The permanent organization of the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality is the office of the leading group of the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality. The office is located in Aba Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, equipped with full-time personnel in management, research, publicity and training.
(2) The academic organization is led by the National Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, and the expert committee of the Qiang cultural and ecological protection experimental area is established to provide comprehensive academic guidance and intellectual support for the protection of the experimental area.
(3) Non-governmental organizations set up the "Association for the Protection and Development of the Cultural Ecology of the Qiang Nationality", combined with non-governmental forces to carry out protection activities, and gradually formed a joint force for the whole people to participate in the protection of the experimental area of the cultural ecology of the Qiang nationality.
2. Financial guarantee (1) The national and provincial people's governments set up special funds for the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang people, which are included in the annual financial budget; (2) The state and county people's governments involved in the experimental area of cultural and ecological protection of the Qiang nationality set up corresponding special funds, which were respectively included in the annual budget; (3) Give full play to the role of non-governmental organizations and the whole society, raise and accept donations from all walks of life and individuals at home and abroad, and carry out the protection work of the cultural and ecological protection experimental area.
Eight. Protection targets (2008: 20 15)
(A) the overall goal
Implementing the protection of Qiang cultural ecological zone is one of the important ways to maintain cultural diversity, cultural ecological space integrity and cultural resources richness. In particular, the overall protection of intangible cultural heritage (cultural space) which is most closely related to people's lives is an effective way to arouse people's conscious awareness of cherishing traditional culture, cultivate people's cultural self-confidence and actively participate in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. The goal of the National Experimental Zone for Ecological Protection of Qiang Culture is to build a harmonious relationship between people, society and nature in the experimental zone through the development of protection work and the implementation of protection measures, so that the Qiang culture with unique value can maintain its vigorous vitality and play an important role in building a harmonious culture, building a harmonious socialist society and promoting the great development and prosperity of socialist culture.
(B) phased objectives
From 2008 to 20 10, it is the stage of recovery and reconstruction.
(1) the planning task of restoring the original ecological region of Qiang culture and restoring the typical buildings to their original appearance before the earthquake;
(2) Restore the traditional festivals and cultural activities of the Qiang people as soon as possible;
(3) Highlight the cultural characteristics of each region, establish its own excellent brand of Qiang culture according to the actual situation of each county, and gradually form the purpose of "one county, one product, one characteristic and one industry". Collect, rescue, excavate and sort out the resources of this county, formulate protection plans and implement protection as soon as possible.
The period from 20 1 1 to 20 15 is a stage of development, perfection and improvement. Use modern scientific and technological means to inherit and carry forward the cultural heritage of Qiang people and develop cultural industry projects.