Jiu San society Kaifeng Committee

Song Dynasty is one of the dynasties with the most prosperous economy, the most advanced science and technology, the most prosperous culture, the deepest art and the richest people's living standard in China. It was not only the country with the most inventions in the world at that time, but also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in China's history appeared in the Song Dynasty.

Needham, a British scholar, mentioned in the introduction of his book History of Science and Technology in China: "Whenever people look up a specific historical material of science and technology in China's literature, they often find that its focus is in the Song Dynasty, whether in applied science or pure science." Marx also spoke highly of the three great inventions of the Song Dynasty: "gunpowder, compass and printing-these are the three great inventions that foreshadowed the arrival of bourgeois society. Gunpowder shattered chivalry, the compass opened the world market and established a colony, but printing became a tool of religion, a means of scientific rejuvenation in general, and the most powerful driving force for creating the necessary premise of spiritual development. " According to incomplete statistics, there were more than 100 world-leading science and technology in Song Dynasty (see appendix for details), involving movable type printing, gunpowder, compass, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, biology, building technology and other fields. These technologies were widely used in cultural exchanges, military wars, agriculture, handicrafts and other fields of production and life, which provided a reliable guarantee for the economic prosperity and social progress in the Song Dynasty.

Many scientific and technological achievements in the Song Dynasty involved the agricultural field, which improved labor productivity, created a lot of social wealth and provided a large number of surplus labor for the society, which led many surplus labor to devote themselves to handicrafts, commerce and social services, making handicrafts and commerce extremely active in the Song Dynasty and showing a social outlook different from the traditional agricultural society. It is estimated that the GDP output value of the Northern Song Dynasty accounted for 50% of the world at that time, which was really rich in the world.

Three of the four world-famous inventions began in the Song Dynasty, among which movable type printing was invented in the Song Dynasty, and block printing was widely used in the Song Dynasty. Imperial academy, the four major book engraving centers and bookstores around the country were very active, and book engraving was widely circulated in the society of Song Dynasty, which laid a good foundation for the spread and prosperity of culture. The extensive use of gunpowder and firearms in the Song Dynasty promoted the rapid development of the weapon manufacturing industry in the Song Dynasty, and various firearms came into being, which promoted the constant changes in the siege and guarding city campaigns at that time. Compasses began to be equipped with a large number of ocean-going ships in the Song Dynasty. Song Dynasty had the largest sailing fleet and merchant fleet in human history, and frequently sailed to Arabia, East Africa, India, Japan and Korea in Southeast Asia and East Asia. The unification of the North and the South and the relocation of the economic center to the south have promoted the material and cultural exchanges between the North and the South and pushed the quantity, quality and application of various technologies of shipbuilding to the top of the world.

The development of commodity economy in Song Dynasty also played a positive role in promoting the development of cities. Compared with the Tang Dynasty, the number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from more than 10 in the Tang Dynasty to 40. Bianjing and Lin 'an have become the fourth and fifth cities in the world with a population of over one million after Chang 'an, Luoyang and Nanjing. Compared with the capital of Han and Tang Dynasties, the capital city of Bianliang is small in area, but the degree of commercialization and prosperity of the city far exceeds that of Tang Dynasty. In addition, the urban planning, land and water transportation, cultural and recreational sports activities, medical and health care and social security systems were relatively perfect at that time. The scientific and technological achievements of the Song Dynasty penetrated into people's daily lives, and the living standards of the people in the Song Dynasty were quite high. Sima Guang once wrote that due to the development of commodity economy, the original hierarchical concept was seriously damaged. "As the world goes from bad to worse, husband and wife follow stockings", and the lifestyle of citizens has also undergone tremendous changes. For example, "there are millions of households in the border, and no one burns wages." Merchants in the Song Dynasty used the first paper money in the world. Similar to modern banks, the credit industry is also quite developed.

Hundred scientific and technological achievements in Song Dynasty

1. compass: The manufacturing technology of compass was first put forward in Mengqian Bitan. With a compass, ocean navigation is possible.

2. Movable type printing: Bi Sheng invented movable type printing. He was the first inventor in the world, about 400 years before J. Gutenberg of Germany printed movable type books. This is a necessary prerequisite for the development of civilization.

3. Artillery: The history of human war has entered the era of hot weapons. The gun body is made of iron, and the shot is a spherical explosive bomb made of pig iron. 1 126, Jin people besieged Bianjing. When Li Gang was guarding the city, he bombarded the retreating nomads with lightning. "At night, the thunder and lightning thundered and the crowd was excited."

4. Deep well drilling technology: Zhuotong well is a salt well, which absorbs brine with upright and thick bamboo tubes. "For this reason, Zhuotongjing was invented in the Li Qing period of the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 104 1-1048), more than 800 years earlier than the West. Its caliber is only the size of a bamboo tube, but it can drill wells as deep as tens of feet. Known as "the fifth greatest invention in ancient China" and "the father of oil drilling in the world". The scientific and technological circles have an image metaphor for Zhuo Tongjing: "Without Zhuo Tongjing, there would be no Gulf War".

5. Paper money: Jiaozi is the earliest paper money used in the world, which was issued in Chengdu during the Northern Song Dynasty (1023). The paper money used in Europe was issued by the Swedish bank in 166 1 year, but it was only a stopgap measure at that time, not as a real currency.

6. Watertight bulkhead: Watertight bulkhead technology was widely used in warships in Song Dynasty, which improved unsinkability. It can protect the ship from sinking due to water, and it is still an important structural form in ship design. The discovery of Nanhai No.1 proves that China was the first country to invent this technology.

7. Canal lock in the form of compound sluice: In 984, the transfer from Huainan put Joe in charge of harnessing the Huaihe River, and Erdoumen was created as a canal lock in the form of compound sluice, thus improving the transportation capacity of the river. After affecting the world.

8. Abacus: Zhang Zeduan drew an abacus in The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, which shows that abacus was widely used in China as early as the Northern Song Dynasty. The official appearance and popularization of abacus calculation was in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

9. Firearms: Originated in China, improved in the Arab world and developed in Europe. The earliest known musket in the world is the bamboo barrel musket in the Song Dynasty, which was recorded in the Fire Dragon Classic written by Jiao Yu in the Ming Dynasty. Iron drums and the earliest pistols (spears and pistols) appeared in the Yuan Dynasty in the13rd century. )

10, Tai Chi map: The ancient Tai Chi map was painted on pottery in Xia and Shang Dynasties or earlier more than 3,000 years ago. There is an S-shaped curve in the circle, and the black and white yin and yang points are added later. Today's Tai Chi map is generally considered to be made by Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty.

1 1. Trademark: It is said that there was a Liu's steel needle shop in Jinan during the Northern Song Dynasty. The steel needles produced by this shop are of high quality and low price, which is quite famous in the local area. In order to make the business continue to prosper, the shopkeeper made a "white rabbit" copper plate with pictures and words on it. The copper plate is square, with a picture of a white rabbit in the middle. On the books on both sides of the painting, there are slogans such as "Ji 'nan Liujia Needle Shop" and "Remember the White Rabbit in front of the door", which are the earliest special trademarks in the history of China. Song people have famous brands in various industries, such as the famous "Pangu Ink" in the ink making industry.

12, advertising: In the commercial operation of the Song Dynasty, there were also advertisements printed on copper plates, which were more than 300 years earlier than in the West.

13, football: kicking the foot and bowing the ball. Cuju kicks the ball with the feet, and now it is considered as the embryonic form of football. In early 2004, FIFA publicly confirmed that football originated in China.

14. Fireworks: It is mainly used for military affairs, grand ceremonies or performances, while modern global activities that can set off fireworks on the same day are generally New Year's Eve activities.

15, chess: the Song Dynasty began to finalize the design. In addition to the invention of gunpowder, "cannon", "scholar" and "elephant" were added. The Song Dynasty's "Stone Forest Guang Ji" records the earliest chess score that China can see at present, which is more than 200 years earlier than the western chess score.

The invention and transformation of weapons and gunpowder weapons;

16, nunchakus (founded by Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, formerly known as big panlong stick (also called big broom in modern north) and small panlong stick (small broom). However, at that time, the big panlong sticks were short and long, which were specially used to sweep away the clues of the enemy, break the armour or hard weapons, and make them lose their fighting capacity. Later, this weapon spread from the south to the Philippines and from the east to Japan. Due to historical changes, nunchakus have been changed to what they are now.

17, life buoy (Han Zhongwu once sent the imperial power of the Song Dynasty to Jinshan and ordered him not to cross the river by boat. So the kingship gave each soldier a "floating ring" to let them cross the river, and finally completed this task. At that time, the "floating ring" used by royalty was the predecessor of modern lifebuoy. )

18, mines (1277, mines were used in the war between the Song people and the Mongols. Song Jun used the "gunpowder gun" buried in the ground, which was further developed in the Yuan Dynasty. )

19, Grenade (first invented in China, AD 1000, firearms called "fireballs" or "artillery" appeared in the Song Dynasty, and their principles are the same as those of modern grenades. 1044, The Classic Overview of the Art of War, has included lightning fireballs, thistle fireballs and guns. /kloc-in the 3rd century, the iron shell explosive weapon "Thunder in the Sky" has appeared in China's army, which is almost the same as modern grenades. )

20, gas bomb (poison smoke bomb, because the main function of this kind of smoke bomb is to smoke the enemy with poison gas, so in addition to sulfur, flame nitrate and charcoal powder, which can achieve explosive combustion effect, there are croton, wolfsbane, arsenic and other toxic substances. Infiltrate into the formula to observe its effect. )

2 1, flame thrower (Song people used double pistons on the oil pump to continuously spray flame. There must always be a structural diagram of the flame thrower recorded in Wulin)

22. Bomb (A.D. 1000) A man named Tang Fu invented Tribulus terrestris, and added arsenic, asphalt and Tribulus terrestris to the formula of Black Fire [river crab] to make the original bomb. )

23. Rocket: In the third year of Kaibao (970), Feng Jisheng, the minister of the Ministry of War, presented the rocket method. Five years later, rockets were used in the war with Nantang.

24. Three-bow bed crossbow: also known as "eight crossbows", it needs 100 people to twist the shaft and pull the string. The arrow "wooden iron ridge" is known as "one gun and three swords", which is roughly like a javelin. Three iron ridges are like three swords. The crossbow can also shoot "step arrows" and nail them to the wall in rows. The siege soldiers climbed up by climbing. Wei Pi once improved the bed crossbow, which greatly increased the range. Song Shi? Wei Pichuan said, "The old crossbow stopped shooting 700 steps, which increased Pizao by a thousand steps." In Song Dynasty, one step was1.536m, and a thousand steps was1.536m, which was one of the highest ranges that ancient long-range weapons could reach. )

Handicraft production technology:

25. Overprint color printing: Overprint color printing is the earliest color printing in the world. It is a complex and high-precision printing technology developed on the basis of block printing. According to historical records, copper plate printing with three colors of cyan, blue and red appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty.

26. Time-telling robot: The most amazing thing about the copper pot is that there is a robot that can tell the time, and it will automatically tell the time 8 times every quarter of an hour. Although copper cracks have been invented and applied in China for thousands of years, their shapes and sizes are different, and their timing methods and principles are the same.

27. Crystal lens: Shi Ling, a fellow countryman and friend of Su Xun, used a crystal magnifying glass when law enforcement officers handled the file. )

28. Silver salt blackening development technology: the discovery of fixation principle was first seen in Su Shi's "I feel the same way": "On the halogen window paper, the baking words are obvious."

29. Spinning (a simple lathe equipped in "spinning", specializing in metal cutting and machining. In the early years of Northern Song Dynasty, machine tools were widely used, which was a milestone in the history of machining. )

30. Chain drive (China people invented chain drive-chain drive belt in 976; Europeans didn't start using chain-driven belts until 1770, about 800 years later than China. )

3 1. Coking (In the Southern Song Dynasty, China invented coking, and used coke to smelt metals, which greatly improved the purity of metals. Europeans didn't know about coking and using coke in metallurgy until the beginning of18th century, more than 400 years later than China. )

32. The method of exploding copper with bile soil (this method only exists in the lead mountain field of Xinzhou. According to "Song wants to compile a manuscript? The "ancient cellar" was deleted from Volume 33 of Food ... Where there is no water, it is bile soil. Dare to fry copper, less work, endless soil. "This is to take bile soil first, and then introduce water to drench the soil, so as to obtain bile water. Because the concentration of extracted bile water is very low, it must be boiled and concentrated before it can be used for copper leaching. )

33. Cam (In 983 AD, China invented the cam and applied it to the heavy chain of hydraulic power lifting. At the same time, cam was used in a starch washing workshop in Tuscany, Italy. )

34. Warp beam warping method is more efficient than rake warping method in Tang Dynasty, and leads to the transition of fabric structure from plain weave to twill and from warp to weft. )

35. Pull rod piston bellows: According to Dr. Needham's research, the earliest picture of pull rod piston bellows was written in 1280, Volume 2 of "The Third Generation of Shooting Birds". This kind of corrugated pipe is light, labor-saving and efficient, and has been popularized and developed rapidly. Both forward and backward strokes of the piston bellows do useful work. In each stroke, one end exhausts air and the other end inhales the same amount of air, thus providing continuous airflow and improving the efficiency of blowing, which is a great progress in blowing technology.

36. Spinning wheel: The structure consists of three parts: twisting, winding, transmission and prime mover. The prime Mover is a big round wheel similar to the rope wheel of a spinning wheel, and the axle is equipped with a crank, which needs to be shaken by a special person with both hands.

37. Water spinning wheel: The water spinning wheel powered by water appeared in the late Southern Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty prevailed in the Central Plains and was mainly used for processing flax and silk. This was the advanced textile machinery in the world at that time. It can spin 100 kg in one day and night, about 400 years earlier than western hydraulic textile machinery.

38. Silk Reeling: 1 1 Century China people have started to use belt-driven looms. The Silkworm Book written by Qin Guan records the structure, several key components and usage of the silk reeling car in detail. The power is generated by the pedal, and the silk thread is wound on the spool. This book is the earliest record of cars.

39. Blast furnace ironmaking: It is the predecessor of the existing steelmaking furnace, and it is repeatedly forged with blast cold air to achieve the purpose of decarbonization. )

Math scores:

40. Nine Chapters of Mathematics: Qin wrote "Nine Chapters of Mathematics", put forward the method of "seeking a skill by expanding greatly", and created the solution of "simultaneous congruence", which was 500 years earlier than the related research of European mathematicians Euler and Gauss.

4 1, gap product: gap product is a method to solve the stacking problem, which solves the summation problem of higher-order arithmetic progression.

42. The radical diagram of the radical method: it is a triangular numerical table, which is actually a coefficient table of the binomial theorem of positive integers, which is more than the western al? Kathy's similar achievement is about 400 years earlier, and it is called Jiaxian Triangle in the history of mathematics (also called Yang Hui Triangle because it appears in Yang Hui's book). According to the root graph of the root method, Jia Xian created the open method of multiplication and multiplication, and provided a method to solve the approximate value of the positive real root of any higher order equation. )

43. Method of Increasing Ride and Drive: Jia Xian's "Method of Increasing Ride and Drive" was put forward 800 years earlier than Italian Rooney and Englishman Horner.

44. Nine-return method: various arithmetic methods of abacus multiplication and division.

45. Elegance: Ye Li's "Measuring the Round Sea Mirror" and "An Ancient Yan Duan" are the first works that systematically discuss "Elegance", and they are hundreds of years earlier than Europe.

46. Stacking technology: Yang Hui put forward "stacking technology" on the basis of Shen Kuo's "gap technology", which promoted the research of high-order arithmetic progression.

47, the composition of high-order vertical and horizontal diagram in combinatorial mathematics (Yang Hui)

48. Calculation algorithm song: It is helpful for the application and popularization of agile algorithm.

Astronomical calendar:

49. Lotus Leak: 1030 The Lotus Leak invented by Yan Su used the overflow system for the first time, which improved the timing accuracy of the leaky kettle unprecedentedly.

50. Water-borne instrument camera: Su Song successfully developed a water-borne instrument camera in 1092, which realized the idea of the trinity and coordinated operation of the armillary sphere, armillary sphere and time telling. It can not only observe and demonstrate the astronomical phenomena, but also time and tell the time. It already has the scientific structure principle of modern observatory's opening, telescope rotating clock and mechanical clock. It is the earliest astronomical clock in the world.

5 1, new image method: Su Song has made outstanding contributions to star map drawing. His famous astronomical work "A New Imaging Method" is accompanied by five star maps, which is the first time to adopt a more scientific all-star representation.

52. Secret Garden of GV: 1049- 1054, astronomer Zhou Yan presided over the Sunday retest of these 28 stars and stars. The result of this experiment is to compile the in-and-out degrees of 345 stars. This catalog was included in the Secret Garden of Lingtai, with more stars than the previous generation.

53. Star map: The star measurement accuracy of 1078- 1085 is higher, and its star map is preserved in the form of stone carvings. This is the existing astronomical map of stone carvings in Suzhou Museum, with a star map above and an inscription below. It is a precious cultural relic for studying the whole sky in the Song Dynasty.

54. Unified Calendar: The tropical year measured in the Unified Calendar compiled by Yang Zhongfu in Ning Zongshi is 365.2425 days, which is completely consistent with the current Gregorian calendar, but nearly 400 years earlier than the western Gregorian calendar. )

55. Twelve-year calendar: Shen Kuo reformed the calendar and put forward a more scientific new calendar, that is, the twelve-year calendar replaced the lunar calendar, which was more than 900 years earlier than the calendar similar to that formulated by the British astronomer Schonaber.

56. Mercator projection: It is an isometric column projection method. In 940, China invented Mercator projection, and it was not until 1568 that people in Britain used Mercator projection, which was about 600 years later than that in China.

57. Jiaxian Triangle: Also known as Yang Hui Triangle and Pascal Triangle, it is a geometric arrangement of binomial coefficients in the triangle.

58. Chronology of 24 solar terms: This new calendar of 24 solar terms is adjusted evenly in the positive four order, which is extremely beneficial to agricultural cultivation.

59, geomagnetic declination (Shen Kuo discovered the existence of geomagnetic declination by accurately measuring meridian circle, 400 years earlier than Europe. )

60, biological solid foundation technology (using the unique ecological characteristics of marine life, built many bridges across the river and sea. Liang Shi Bridge across the sea at the mouth of Luoyang River in Quanzhou, Fujian, is 5m wide and 1000m long. This magnificent bridge has a history of 950 years, and people still walk on it today. )

Shipbuilding:

6 1. Cars and boats: the largest is 36 feet long (about 1 10 meter), equipped with 24 wheels and 6 paddles, carrying more than 1000 foot soldiers.

62. Armored ship: 1203, Master Qin built an "iron-walled flat sea bream" with a load of 1000 tons (about 60 tons). Iron plate was installed on the bulkhead, which was the first armored ship. The bow of the ship was equipped with a sharp iron tip shaped like a shovel mouth for impact in water war.

63. Low center of gravity fluid damping device: There is a small hole with a cover at the bottom of each cabin on board, which is called "water hole" by technical experts on board. During the voyage, the rain or spray splashed on the ship can flow into a connected mezzanine cabin at the bottom of the ship through the "water hole", and the water in the mezzanine cabin reduces the center of gravity of the ship and makes the ship run more smoothly. Due to the inertia and internal friction of the water in the cabin, the fluctuation of the ship caused by wind and waves will be partially offset.

64. Hongqiao: The wooden beam arch bridge without columns (i.e. beam arch) has reached the highest level of the ancient wooden bridge structure in China.

65. Dock: It refers to the artificial building on the shore, which can be used as a place for shipbuilding and ship repair, and can also be used for berthing ships. Dock can be divided into dry dock, irrigation dock and floating dock. Dock was invented by Zhang Ping of Song Dynasty in China.

66. Rattan boats: Tung oil is rare in coastal States of Shenzhen and Guangzhou, and shipbuilding is restricted by empty boards and vines. In the cracks of vines, madder from the sea is dried and suffocated, and rises when it meets water, so that the ship does not leak. Its ship is so big that businessmen use it when crossing the sea.

67. Chinese sailing boat: Floating in the South China Sea, the boat is like a huge room. If the sail is hanging in the sky, the ship is dozens of feet long and there are hundreds of people on board. They accumulate food for a year, they make wine inside, and they are born outside. ... and the big food country crossed the west sea to Mulan Yong country further, and its ships increased. A ship can hold thousands of people, and the ship is organic, otherwise it will take several years to arrive, unless it is a huge ship, it is impossible to arrive. "The largest China ship has 12 masts, while the boat has only three masts.

68. Modular system (wood-based modular system and number of quota system are adopted for wood-based buildings, which makes the architectural design and construction standardized to some extent. )

Agricultural production technology, agricultural and sideline products processing and others:

69. Kimchi: 1 178 "Beyond the Ridge" records the technology of sealed storage in a useful pottery jar, that is, before it is recorded, food is stored in a kimchi jar.

70. Airflow pulverizer: a pulverizer that rotates by wind.

7 1, dark shed sand filtration technology: 10,000 sloping fertile fields were added.

72. Sugar Frost Spectrum: Wang Zhuo, the first monograph on sugar production in the world.

73. Treadmill: A kind of human plow to reduce dependence on livestock.

74. Plough mirror: The plow is equipped with a plow mirror, which is convenient for turning over the soil, thus increasing agricultural output.

75. Ma: The emergence of new tools has also greatly increased crop yield.

76. Rice-wheat double cropping system: The so-called "rice-wheat double cropping system" means that in the same field, wheat is planted after rice is harvested, and rice is planted after wheat is harvested. Its realization has improved the land utilization rate and increased farmers' income, which is a great progress in technology and economy.

77. Jiatian: The construction of Jiatian in 1 149 was recorded in Chen Fang's agricultural book, and it was the earliest cultivated land in China. The measures of deep ploughing, freezing and fumigating the soil to warm the field are adopted to make use of the cold-soaked field.

78. Fertilizer stacking technology: 1 127- 1279, minerals such as lime, sulfur and clock milk powder have been used as fertilizers. Before 1 149, fertilizer accumulation technologies such as compost, fire fertilizer and cake fertilizer fermentation appeared. Establish a manure bank to maintain the effectiveness of fertilizer.

79. Techniques for cultivating strong rice seedlings: Before 1 149, measures such as deep ploughing, sun exposure, freezing and heavy soil were taken to promote soil maturation. The technology of cultivating strong seedlings appeared. And know how to master the law of climate change, sow in time to prevent rotten seedlings.

80. Distant grafting technology of fruit trees: 1067 distant grafting of fruit trees was successful.

Ginkgo biloba and olive are harvested by methods such as "bamboo hoop tree" and "salt bag tree". Eggplant seedlings are embedded with sulfur and trace elements are used for vegetable cultivation.

8 1. Mulberry grafting technology: About the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, Zhejiang and Zhejiang invented mulberry grafting technology, which was a revolution in the history of mulberry cultivation and greatly promoted the development of sericulture in Zhejiang and Zhejiang.

82. Destroying flowers and blooming early: 1232- 1298 "Tanghua" appeared to urge flowers to bloom early.

83. Artificial poultry hatching technology: Artificial poultry hatching technology appeared in 1 174. Quails are kept as caged birds.

84. Veterinary Hospital: 1007 The establishment of sick horses is the beginning of the establishment of veterinary hospitals in China.

85. Domestication of goldfish: 12 14 years, goldfish changed from wild to artificial domestication. 1243, live fish were transported by mechanical devices. The long-distance transportation technology of fry is well documented.

Medical aspects:

86. Taiping Shenghui Prescription: There are 16834 prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine, more than Ganjin Prescription of Tang Dynasty 10000.

87. Vaccination against human pox: The eldest son of Wang Dan, the prime minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, died of smallpox. Prime Minister Wang didn't want others to catch this disease again, so he invited famous doctors and magicians from all over the country to find some ways to treat and prevent it. A Taoist priest in Emei Mountain presented a prescription: "inoculate" healthy people with an attenuated human pox vaccine through nasal mucosa, so that people can gain immunity to smallpox.

88. The medical department (the medical department is also divided into nine departments: 1. Internal medicine ii. Rheumatism (such as stroke) 3. Pediatrics 4. Ophthalmology 5. Otolaryngology 6. Dermatology and plastic surgery. Obstetrics 8. Acupuncture 9. Trauma and curse forbidden)

89. Dissecting and Preserving the Real Picture: Yang Jie, a famous doctor and poet, summed up the anatomical experience of condemned prisoners and drew an atlas "Preserving the Real Picture", which deepened the medical students' understanding of anatomy at that time.

90. The theory of syndrome differentiation of terminal diseases due to three factors: the complicated causes are divided into three categories: internal causes, external causes and internal and external causes. Although this classification is similar to that described by Zhang Zhongjing in Han Dynasty, its content has developed, that is, it summarizes various causes more specifically, and its scope is more comprehensive, which is more in line with clinical application. The principle of three-factor classification has always been followed by later doctors.

9 1, acupuncture atlas: Wang studied predecessors' works, combined with his own experience, determined the location of acupoints in detail and compiled an acupuncture atlas. In the fifth year of Tiansheng (1027), he was ordered to cast two bronze statues of acupuncture, which was very convenient for acupuncture teaching, clinic and examination. He also renamed his work "Bronze Man".

92. Pediatric medical prescription: Known as the "originator of pediatrics", it has a great influence on the formation and development of pediatric medicine.

93. The Good Prescription for Women: written by Chen in the Southern Song Dynasty, divided into three parts, discussing the clinical and theoretical problems of obstetrics and gynecology. It is the most systematic and comprehensive gynecological monograph in the history of traditional Chinese medicine.

94. Aims to Promote Muscle Development: written in Song Huizong's time, it can be called an encyclopedia in medical history, which brings together a large number of theoretical and practical achievements in diagnosis, prescriptions, medication, acupuncture and other aspects in the pre-Song period, among which nearly 20,000 kinds of prescriptions have been published, the highest in all previous dynasties.

95. The five zang-organs map of Xifan: the earliest local anatomical map of human body.

96. The Record of Imprisonment: Written by Song Ci in the Southern Song Dynasty, it is the first systematic monograph on forensic medicine in the world, and Song Ci is regarded as the father of forensic medicine.

97. Metallography: Before modern archaeology was introduced into China, the main research objects were ancient bronzes and stone carvings. Inscriptions, similar to those in Europe, are considered as the precursors of archaeology in China. Formed in the Northern Song Dynasty, it was officially named "epigraphy" in the Qing Dynasty.

98. Taizu Changquan: Song Taizu Changquan, known as "Song Taizu 32-potential Changquan" in ancient times, is also known as "Taizu Boxing", which is one of the six famous boxing in China Wushu circle.

99. Fan Trace Boxing: formerly known as Yanqing Boxing. Moved from Cangxian County to Huojia in Jinghai County, Hebei Province, this boxing was called Fan Trace, which was passed down from generation to generation, and later became famous in Huo Yuanjia, and Fan Trace became famous.

100, express delivery: a fast military mail system serving military purposes at high speed-quick foot express came into being at this time. This kind of quick foot delivery includes walking delivery, horse delivery and quick foot delivery. Express delivery is the fastest, 400 miles a day. The distance between shops varies from 10 to 20 miles. )

Please adopt it. Thank you.