For Europe, Columbus discovered the "new continent" of America; In the eyes of Americans, the arrival of Europeans has brought them great harm and is an invasion for them. The invaders are barbarians and have no civilization. The global view of history holds that the history of human society is a whole, and it is a history of development and evolution from dispersion to whole. After the opening of the new air route, all regions and civilizations in the world began to meet, gradually breaking the isolation and dispersion of all regions and civilizations. Only item d in the options is understood correctly.