Nanjing was the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1853, and the Xiang army broke the city in 1864. After this war, Nanjing suffered a great loss. Later, due to the opening of the Shanghai-Nanjing and Putin railways, Nanjing began to develop again as a railway hub. 1927, Jiang Zhongzheng established the central government in Nanjing. 1930, Nanjing became a municipality directly under the Central Government of the Executive Yuan, and its political and cultural status was unprecedented, making it an international metropolis. According to statistics, there are more than 0/000 buildings of the Republic of China preserved in the city, covering an area of more than 9 million square meters, including more than 200 representative buildings of the Republic of China. Both quantity and quality are unparalleled.
Functionally speaking, the buildings of the Republic of China in Nanjing mainly include public buildings, residential buildings and industrial and commercial buildings, among which most are public buildings, which is the characteristic of Nanjing as a political center. "An Overview of Modern Architecture in Nanjing and China" divides the architecture of the Republic of China in Nanjing into three categories:
1.1910-1927: Many buildings in this period are almost proud of imitating western shapes. Typical examples are 19 15 Yangzi Hotel built on Baoshan Street in Xiaguan,17 Xiaguan Electric Light Factory built on the riverside, 19 18 China Bank and Jiangsu Postal Administration Bureau built on Xiaguan Avenue. Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president in Nanjing, and his office was a western-style flower hall built by Governor Zhang Yu 19 10. In terms of architectural art, western eclectic architecture was popular in this period. From 65438 to 1920s, eclecticism prevailed in some countries in Europe and America. It is characterized by imitating all kinds of architectural styles in history at will, or combining all kinds of architectural forms freely, without paying attention to the fixed French style, but only paying attention to the symmetry of proportion and pure formal beauty. This kind of building was very popular after Nanjing opened its port in the late Qing Dynasty. Yangzi Hotel is a typical compromise building, using local materials and city bricks.
2.1927 ——1936: This nearly ten years is the peak period of Nanjing architecture, and it is also a precious and prosperous period in the architectural history of China. The buildings built in this period include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum built by 1926- 1929 and the Ministry of Railways Building built by 1928. 1945 later changed to the executive yuan), Institute of Geology, Academia Sinica (193 1), President Xiao Hongshan's official residence (193193/kloc-0 933 Capital Hotel and the Supreme Court of the National Government, Fuchang Hotel (1933) and Ministry of Communications Building (1938)1933-1934 Executive Yuan and Geology and Mineral Exhibition Hall.
During this period, the construction industry not only developed rapidly, but also stood out from the rest, reflecting the cultural characteristics of Nanjing as the capital, and the political, military and large-scale public buildings developed extensively. Western modernist architecture keeps pace with the traditional palace-style modern architecture in China, and modern national architecture has emerged at the same time. Western modernist architecture emphasizes that architectural style keeps pace with the times, and advocates getting rid of the shackles of outdated styles in history, actively adopting new materials and new structures, and creating new architectural styles that reflect the characteristics of the times. The Capital Hotel, the Supreme Court of the National Government, the Fuchang Hotel, the Executive Yuan and the Geology and Mineral Exhibition Hall are all of this type. Modernism inherits some characteristics of eclecticism. In contrast, the traditional palace buildings in China were first seen in some western-run missionary schools, such as the conference building, science museum, literature museum, library and auditorium of Jinling Women's University. The school hopes to express the attitude of the church to respect China culture by imitating China architecture, so that China students can unconsciously accept the influence of western culture in the atmosphere of traditional architecture. 1929 65438+In February, the National Government promulgated the Capital Plan, which strongly advocated the construction of government buildings in "China's inherent form". In 1930s, China's nationalism flourished, calling for the return of national architectural culture, so the traditional palace architecture in China was reborn. But it is expensive, time-consuming and laborious, and the architecture mode is not flexible. Designers have boldly explored a new national architectural style, which generally adopts the plane combination and graphics of modern buildings, and mostly adopts the reinforced concrete flat roof or double slope roof of modern roof truss. However, cornices, walls, doors and windows, and entrances are mainly decorated with China traditional components, supplemented by appropriate traditional patterns. Central Stadium Complex, Purple Mountain Observatory, Central Hospital, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Music Station, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building and Great Hall of the People are all classic works of this style.
3.1937-1949:1937110 In October, the National Government announced that it would move its capital to Chongqing, and in February/3, Nanjing fell. During the eight-year occupation, the construction of Nanjing almost stopped. 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally, and the national government was still in the old capital, rebuilding the style of the capital. Palace-style and Xinmin-style architecture gradually faded out, and western modernist architecture became the mainstream. The buildings in this period include 1946' s Arctic Pavilion Song Ziwen Mansion, 1946' s American Embassy, 1946- 1947' s American Army Advisory Group Apartment, 1947' s General Highway Administration and 1947' s.
In the historical process of urban development in the past 2500 years, Nanjing has formed three distinctive cultures: Six Dynasties culture, Ming Dynasty culture and Republic of China culture. "From the material level, the three major cultures in Nanjing's history have their own merits: the culture of the Six Dynasties is mainly amazed by the stone carvings of tombs scattered in the fields, the culture of the Ming Dynasty is mainly based on the city walls around Nanjing (including the Ming Tombs), and the culture of the Republic of China is mainly concentrated in various buildings in the city (including Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum)." If we continue to divide the culture of the Republic of China, the culture of the Republic of China represented by Nanjing can be called the capital culture type, which is characterized by strong political color (there are many official residences and central organs), both national styles and western-style buildings, but we must highlight the former (such as a large number of buildings in the second phase) to show Jin Yan, solemnity and solemnity. The culture of the Republic of China with Chongqing as its capital can also be roughly divided into capital types.
Second, the architecture of the Republic of China in Shanghai
Shanghai is strategically located at the mouth of the Yangtze River and adjacent to the East China Sea, with convenient transportation. After its opening, it developed rapidly and became the largest city in China in the early 20th century. In 1930s, its urban fixed population exceeded 3 million, making it the sixth largest city in the world. There are many concessions in Shanghai, and the number of migrants is the highest in all major cities in China. In terms of architectural features, it is inclusive and integrates various schools with different styles and different time and space, so it is known as the "World Architecture Expo" and has formed a "Shanghai style" architectural style. Buildings in Shanghai during the Republic of China can also be divided into three categories according to time:
1.1910-1927:1843 After Shanghai's compulsory port opening, western countries began to build concessions one after another and built a large number of buildings with their own national characteristics. With the expansion of the concession, this architectural style began to spread all over Shanghai, especially the Bund. During the period of1910 ~1918, more than 4,000 buildings were built in Shanghai, and new buildings were completed almost every day. The architecture of the Republic of China in this period embodies the characteristics of Shanghai as an open city, with a westernized style and few traditional factors. Retroism and eclecticism are the main fashions. Retro style is a combination of chiton colonnade symbolizing male masculinity and Ionian pillar symbolizing feminine beauty in ancient Greek architecture. Ancient Rome's semicircular domes, arched coupons and rococo-style facade carvings praised victory and worshipped heroes, inheriting the architectural characteristics since the Western Renaissance. It represents the Bund English Federation built by 19 10, the French Agricultural Credit Bank built by 19 16, the Asia Building built by 19 16, and19. The architectural appearance of this period is luxurious and beautiful, reflecting a strong aesthetic color of Baroque architecture.
2. 1927- 1936: After the National Government made Nanjing its capital, the national political situation was relatively stable, and Shanghai also entered the peak period of construction. During the period of 1927, the National Government designated Nanjing and Shanghai as special cities, and Liu Jiwen became the mayor of Nanjing Special City, with remarkable achievements. Wu Tiecheng was in charge of Shanghai and had many achievements. 1929 The Capital Plan is accompanied by the Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Plan, which advocates the use of ethnic architectural styles. Shanghai's openness is deep and wide, and it is deeply influenced by European and American cultures. Traditional national architecture consumes time and money, so there is a "Shanghai School" that connects these two architectural cultures. The word "Shanghai School" originated in the 1930s, and was originally a derogatory term for the "Beijing School" culture centered on Nanjing to Shanghai's urban culture centered on commerce. "Shanghai style" architecture has the characteristics of attaching importance to business, openness and integration. The integration in this period is mainly the integration of China and the West: Western-style architecture is integrated into the vocabulary of traditional architecture in China, and architecture pursues and embodies the "Westernization" of traditional architecture in China. The most distinctive feature of Shanghai is its "alley" architecture. This kind of building is to change the gates of the traditional three-way courtyard and quadrangle in China into Shikumen. Shikumen is a traditional building made in the alley, but it is made in the west in structure and interior decoration, forming a unique "Shanghai style" At that time, Shanghai Municipal Library and Jiangwan City Building were all such buildings. "Shanghai style" also includes the mixture of western-style buildings. During this period, architecture developed rapidly, and buildings with different styles appeared in pieces. The International Hotel was built in 1934, which was the tallest building in the Far East at that time. Other famous buildings include Sassoon Mansion (1929), Huamao Apartment (1929), Jincheng Bank (1929), Murtang (1930) and Orthodox Church (19365438). Paramount Ballroom (193 1 year), Cathay Theatre (1932), Municipal Government Building (1933), Grand Shanghai Theatre (1933), Happy Valley Hall (/kloc-0) The Hundred Years' Architectural History of Shanghai written by Wu Jiang, an architectural historian, is accompanied by a list of buildings involved in this book, covering 100 years of famous buildings in Shanghai 1847- 1949, of which 70 were completed in 1927- 1937. "Shanghai School" is an accurate summary of the architectural style of this period.
3.1937—1949:1937 August, the battle of Shanghai started, 165438 10 October, Shanghai fell. In the following eight years, due to the Japanese occupation, the rule of Wang puppet government, the recovery of concession and the post-war economic impact, the development of the city suffered unprecedented damage due to foreign interference. But even so, Shanghai's development level still ranks among the top cities in China. After the restoration from 65438 to 0945, the number of buildings was small, and the architectural style still followed the second phase. Because the war turmoil has restrained the capital invested in real estate and hindered the production of construction projects and building materials, a large number of architects and engineers have to devote themselves to education. So this period did not leave many important buildings, but left a lot of valuable information and talents for the construction industry in new China.
Although both Shanghai and Nanjing are special cities, they belong to another cultural type of the Republic of China, that is, the industrial and commercial city type. The biggest feature of business culture is openness, tolerance and innovation. Athens, Klein and other cities in ancient Greece all have this style. Shanghai's openness and tolerance are obvious to all in modern history. Various forces (Kuomintang, * * *, Japan and European and American countries) once regarded Shanghai as an omnipotent stage, and "Shanghai School" was the best footnote for Shanghai's innovation as an industrial and commercial metropolis. Shanghai's cultural characteristics of the Republic of China are unique in the whole country, which provides us with rich resources to study the social situation of the Republic of China.
Third, the architecture of the Republic of China in Zhenjiang area
Zhenjiang was called Zhenjiang House in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and changed to Dantu County in 19 12. 1929 Jiangsu provincial government moved here and changed its name to Zhenjiang county. Zhenjiang, located at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, is one of the waterway transportation hubs connecting southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu, with developed commerce and finance. From 65438 to 0908, the Jin-Pu and Shanghai-Nanjing railways were opened to traffic, and the north-south trade was transferred from waterway to railway. Zhenjiang's trade status began to be replaced by Nanjing, and the financial industry was dying. Zhenjiang was originally a port city relying on the canal, with developed commerce and weak modern industrial base, and its industrial development scale is not in the forefront in Jiangsu Province.
1927 In April, Jiang Zhongzheng established the National Government in Nanjing and appointed Niu Yongjian and others 16 to form the Jiangsu Provincial Government Committee. After the promulgation of the Organic Law of the Provincial Government, it was renamed as the provincial government, and Niu Yongjian was the first chairman of Jiangsu Province. /kloc-0 In the spring of 929, Jiangsu Province will be moved from Nanjing to Zhenjiang. The Jiangsu Provincial Government and Civil Affairs Department moved in are located in the Qing General's Mansion (where the Public Security Bureau is now located) in Zhangren Road, Zhenjiang, and the Provincial Finance Department is located in the Qing General's Mansion (where the former Hailing Deputy General's Mansion is now located) in the southeast of the provincial capital. The Fu Xue Palace in Zhenjiang at the north gate is transformed into the office of the Provincial Education Department (where the 359 Hospital is now located), and the construction hall and the Ministry of Agriculture and Mines are arranged in the former Zhenjiang Ninth Normal School and the primary school attached to the west section of Baxia Lane (now the provincial military region).
As soon as Zhenjiang, the capital of Jiangsu Province, was built, the provincial government put forward the slogan of "building the capital and transforming Zhenjiang", and successively formulated a series of planning documents, including the Construction Design of Zhenjiang New Capital, the Zoning Plan of Jiangsu Provincial Capital, and the Huixingou Plan of Jiangsu Province. From 1929 to the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Zhenjiang's municipal appearance has been greatly improved. The original streets in the urban area are narrow, and the widest Yantou Street and Ximen Street are only about five meters, which can only be used for the intersection of sedan chairs and rickshaws. Most of the main streets are paved with long boards, and there are sewers below. The bearing capacity is not high. When people walk on it for a long time, these slates often rattle. To this end, the provincial government has built trunk roads such as Fusheng Road, Zhongzheng Road and Zhongshan Road, and laid underground water pipelines to improve drinking water conditions in urban areas. Even so, there are only 1460 tap water users in 1936, accounting for 3.6% of urban and rural households. Economic recession and shrinking consumption have caused depression in municipal construction, financial distress of the provincial government, and it is difficult to guarantee the funds for municipal engineering construction, and sometimes it is even difficult to maintain the normal operation of urban public utilities.
The buildings built in Zhenjiang include: Zhenjiang Hospital of Jiangsu Province (1929), Zhenjiang People's Education Center of Jiangsu Province (1930), Zhenjiang Library of Jiangsu Province (193 1) and Zhenjiang Public Stadium of Jiangsu Province (1933). Most of these buildings are western-style buildings, which are built at will without much cultural connotation. It is worth mentioning that the public stadium covering an area of 50,000 square meters includes basketball court, football field and volleyball court. And the gym. This is a fully equipped stadium, which was famous all over the country at that time. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, these constructions were forced to stop.
Zhenjiang, the capital of Jiangsu Province, has made almost no achievements in its cultural construction. It could have relied on superior political conditions to achieve development, but due to the transfer of commercial routes from waterway to land, its weak modern industrial base, the attraction of Nanjing and Shanghai giants to investment funds and consumption funds, and the war during the Anti-Japanese War, Zhenjiang's Republic of China culture was directly thinned. There are countless such examples in the Yangtze River Delta region. It is true that the cultural center of the Republic of China is in the Yangtze River Delta, but we cannot ignore the fact that the culture of the Republic of China is unevenly distributed in the Yangtze River Delta. Looking at the Yangtze River Delta from a national perspective, we can also get an understanding of the distribution of cultural heritage in the Republic of China: cities are rich in villages; Big cities are richer than small cities, and many small cities can't even find any traces of the culture of the Republic of China; Obviously unbalanced and even polarized, which is closely related to the relationship between the central and local, urban and rural, provincial capital and subordinate towns during the Republic of China, that is, the political system structure of the Republic of China. Zhenjiang, as the capital of Jiangsu Province, has a poor cultural heritage of the Republic of China, which is another type of cultural heritage of the Republic of China in the Yangtze River Delta region, that is, the small town type, characterized by a small cultural heritage and no outstanding historical characteristics of the Republic of China. This type of culture of the Republic of China is mostly reserved in small towns with underdeveloped industry, commerce and finance, and this type can be seen everywhere in Anhui, northern Jiangsu, southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang.
The essence of the culture of the Republic of China is historical culture. Mr. Sun once said that "the ultimate goal of protecting history and culture is to make use of it, and only by rational utilization can its intrinsic value be fully exerted and combined with modern life, so as to achieve the purpose of better protection". The characteristics of the culture of the Republic of China are: openness to the world, innovation in the combination of Chinese and western, and scientific and rational modernity, which are vividly reflected in the architecture of the Republic of China. Nanjing and Shanghai are not only the Yangtze River Delta region, but also important cultural centers of the Republic of China. Under the radiation of these two centers, many small towns represented by Zhenjiang have more or less accumulated the culture of the Republic of China. As Mr. Sun said, the ultimate goal of protecting history and culture is to make use of it. We classify the cultural heritage of the Republic of China, which also provides an idea for exploring how to protect it. The architectural cultural heritage of the Republic of China not only has the attributes and values of historical and cultural heritage, but also is endowed with irreplaceable political significance. It can unite the cross-strait recognition of history, narrow the emotional distance between the two sides, create good conditions for dialogue and provide centripetal force for national reunification, which is reflected in the fact that Lian and Song visited Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum successively this year. As the cultural heritage center in the Republic of China, the Yangtze River Delta is also in the forefront of China's urban modernization. How to develop harmoniously between heritage protection and urban construction can be directly regarded as valuable experience in dealing with cultural heritage in urban construction throughout the country. We should also see that history is both solidified and fluid. While protecting the historical and cultural heritage, we are also enriching the culture of our times.