Unit 1 A prosperous and open society
Prosperous sui dynasty
1, ★★ P.2, North-South reunification.
In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi, the consort, seized the Northern Zhou regime and established the Sui Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital. In 589, Chen disappeared and the north and south were unified, which laid the foundation for the arrival of the prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties.
2. 2.★★★ P.4 Grand Canal P4 The opening and function of the Sui Grand Canal.
(1) Purpose: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
(2) Overview: Emperor Yang Di began to dig the Grand Canal in 605.
One center: Luoyang; Two endpoints: Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south; Four river sections: from north to south, Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River; P.5 Five major water systems: connecting Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
(3) Function: It was the longest canal in the ancient world, and its opening promoted the economic exchanges between the north and the south of China, which was conducive to the political rule of the Sui Dynasty and promoted the development of inland navigation in China; On the other hand, it increased the burden on the people, which was an important manifestation of the tyranny of the Sui Dynasty.
(4) Canal and Hometown: Huai 'an is located in Hangou section of the Canal, and Huai 'an has the Governor's Office of Water Transportation, the capital of the Canal-Huai 'an.
(5) Evaluation: Digging the Grand Canal
Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"
First, the main content of "Zhenguan rule" on pages 8-9
1, ★★★★ Main performance:
(1) political clarity: Emperor Taizong learned the lesson of the demise of the Sui Dynasty ("Jun, Zhou Ye; People, water also. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " ), attach importance to agricultural production and reduce the burden on farmers; "If my family gives enough to others, I will enjoy it even if I don't listen to orchestral music"; Get rid of graft, be good at employing people, and be modest and prudent. Can be trained: "People can use copper as a mirror and wear clothes; Only by taking history as a mirror can we learn to thrive; Take people as a mirror and you can know the gains and losses. " At that time, celebrities and soldiers came forth in large numbers (Fang, Du Ruhui,).
(2) Economic prosperity: The people's production and life are stable, a large number of wasteland have been reclaimed, and the national strength is strong.
⑶ Cultural prosperity: Inherit, develop and improve the imperial examination system in Sui Dynasty, attach importance to the cultivation and selection of talents, and recruit talents. ("Heroes of the World, Into My Trap")
(4) Harmonious ethnic relations: All ethnic groups in the border areas became friends with the Han nationality, and Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Tubo Zampsong Zagambo, and awarded the title of leader of border ethnic minorities. ("China has been valued since ancient times, and I am indifferent to it." )
5. Diplomatic opening: The Tang government pursued an open foreign policy and encouraged foreign trade. At that time, Chinese and foreign trade was active and frequent.
2. Main reasons:
(1) The political and economic system of the Sui Dynasty laid the foundation for the development of the Tang Dynasty.
(2) Emperor Taizong was prepared for danger in times of peace, taking history as a mirror, drawing lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, being politically clear and open-minded.
(3) Emperor Taizong can know people and make good use of them. He is open-minded, good at guiding, developing education and cultivating talents. During the Zhenguan period, celebrities and soldiers came forth in large numbers.
(4) the hard work of the broad masses of working people.
3, the main prosperity of feudal society and their common ground:
(1) Main prosperous times: the rule of Kawachinoayanofumi Jing and the prosperous time of Hanwu, the revival of Guangwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the rule of emperors in the Sui Dynasty, the rule of Zhenguan and the prosperous time of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, and the prosperous time of Kanggan in the early Qing Dynasty.
(2) Common reasons: A. National unity and social stability are the premise and foundation of prosperous times. B, political clarity and policy stability are the guarantee of prosperity. (such as institutional innovation, enlightened national policy, open foreign policy, etc.). C. the hard work of the people. D. the rulers are diligent and love the people and make great efforts to govern.
(3) Common performance: national unity, social stability, political clarity, economic prosperity, active thinking, diplomatic opening up, and people's lives have improved.
4. Practical significance: (1) Maintain national unity and social stability, and ensure social and economic development. (2) Reasonably adjust the ruling policy to promote the rapid economic development. (3) Pay attention to the training, selection and appointment of talents, and mobilize the enthusiasm of workers. (4) Pay equal attention to the rule of virtue and the rule of law, establish people-oriented thinking, build harmonious interpersonal relationships and create a harmonious society.
Three. Merit of Wu Zetian: Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China and an outstanding female politician in the feudal society of China. Her main achievements are as follows: during her reign, she continued to implement the policy of developing agricultural production and selecting talents of Emperor Taizong, maintained the continuity and stability of the political and economic policies of the Tang Dynasty, promoted the further development of the social economy of the Tang Dynasty, and continuously strengthened her national strength. She called her rule "opening the RMB by politics and governing by macro-honesty".
Second, ★★★★ Evaluation of Emperor Taizong
General Comment: Emperor Taizong was an outstanding politician in ancient China.
1, politically and economically:
P.8① (1) Emperor Taizong paid attention to drawing lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, developing production, reducing farmers' tax and corvee burden, "abstaining from extravagance and simplifying" and controlling their own desires.
P.8② Be good at employing people and attach importance to trainability. During the Zhenguan period, celebrities and famous generals came forth in large numbers.
P.8③ merge counties, get rid of the disadvantages of "fewer people and more officials" and reduce the burden on the people.
2. From a cultural perspective
P. 18④ Attach importance to the cultivation and selection of talents and vigorously expand the scale of Chinese studies.
3. Ethnic relations and foreign relations
P.9⑤ Emperor Taizong won the common support of all ethnic groups with his more enlightened ethnic policy, and all ethnic groups in the north respectfully called him "Tiankhan".
⑥ Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Zangbo Songzan Gambo, which strengthened the friendly relationship between Tang and Tibet and promoted the economic and cultural development of Tubo.
7. Emperor Taizong pursued an open foreign policy. Sending Xuanzang to visit Tianzhu in the west promoted the friendly exchanges between China and India.
Summary: During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, the national strength was gradually strengthened, the multi-ethnic country was further consolidated, and foreign exchanges were more exploitative. There has been a good situation of ethnic harmony, social harmony, friendly ethnic relations and rapid economic and social development. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity". At the same time, his rule laid the foundation for the Tang Dynasty to enter its heyday, and he was worthy of being an outstanding politician in ancient China.
Lesson 3 "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng"
I. ★★★★ P.15 Meaning: In the early years of Tang Xuanzong, the politics was clear, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the warehouses were full, and the population increased obviously. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.
Second, the reasons and conditions: the basis of economic development in the early Tang Dynasty; The continuity and stability of policies in Wu Zetian period provided a guarantee for the prosperity of Kaiyuan. Tang Xuanzong himself made great efforts to govern the country.
Third, ★★★★ Performance:
1. Political clarity: P. 12 Appoint talents (Yao Chong, Song Jing) and rectify official management.
2. Economic prosperity:
(1) Improvement of farming technology and development of agriculture P. 13- 14: Invention of Qu Yuan's plough and trolley, construction of water conservancy, adoption of seedling raising technology in rice planting; Jiangnan area has become an important grain producing area and the successor of vegetables in the western regions; Tea plays an important role in Jiangnan agriculture, and drinking tea is popular.
(2) The handicraft industry is developed: the silk weaving technology is superb; Porcelain industry is developed, and Yuezhou celadon, Xingzhou white porcelain and Tang tricolor are world-famous. (3) Business prosperity P. 15 (Chang 'an is an international metropolis).
Fourth, status: the heyday of the Tang Dynasty.
The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system
1, the background of the birth of the imperial examination system: the system of selecting officials since Wei and Jin Dynasties has seriously hindered the selection and appointment of talents by society.
1. Overview of the development of the imperial examination system
(The main content of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties)
(1) was born in Sui Dynasty:
①P. 17 Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials by means of subject examination.
(2) Yang Di established the Imperial Examination Division, and the imperial examination system in China was formally born.
(2) Perfect people in Tang Dynasty:
(1) p.18 emperor Taizong expanded the scale of Chinese studies, expanded the learning museum and increased the number of students.
②P. 18 Wu Zetian opened the palace examination and added martial arts.
③ p18 Tang Xuanzong took poetry as the main content of the imperial examination.
(3)P.89 It developed to Ding Feng in the Ming Dynasty: In the Ming Dynasty, stereotyped writing was used to select scholars, and the imperial examination was only allowed to give questions within the scope of the Four Books and Five Classics. Candidates are only allowed to answer questions according to the specified point of view, and are not allowed to give full play to their personal views.
(4) P. 1 17, eighth grade, flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties: 1905, the Qing government drew up the regulations on playing academies, established a new education system, and officially abolished the imperial examination system.
3. The influence of imperial examination system
(1)P. 19 The influence of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties: The imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties was the reform and innovation of the ancient education and employment system in China, and it was also the earliest examination system in the world. Its birth perfected the employment system, gave talented scholars the opportunity to work in governments at all levels and promoted the development of education. The prevalence of scholars studying hard has also promoted the development of literature and art, especially Tang poetry.
(2)P.89 Influence of Ming and Qing Dynasties: The form and content of the imperial examination system in Ming and Qing Dynasties moved towards model and fixation, and became the imperial examination tool of feudal rule. Many scholars became loyal servants of the emperor after entering the imperial examination, which bound people's thoughts, stifled people's creativity and seriously hindered the progress and development of China society.
Lesson 5 Being a Family
P.23 Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng
Tubo people, ancestors of Tibetans, lived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a long time. At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tubo Zagambo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to him, and Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. At the beginning of the 8th century, Tubo and Tang Dynasty had become "one family".
Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries
First, the reason: the advanced civilization and powerful national strength of the Tang Dynasty attracted people all over the world; The Tang government had a broad mind and an open diplomacy.
Second, the performance:
1, P.29, Tang envoys and Tang's influence on Japan.
Japanese envoys arrived in Sui Dynasty, and from Zhenguan period in Tang Dynasty, Japan sent more than ten envoys to China, which became the core force to promote Japanese social reform together with overseas students and monks studying abroad.
The influence of Tang Dynasty on Japan;
① Politics: Japan modeled itself on the political system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, established a centralized state headed by the Emperor, abolished the hereditary system, and chose the best officials.
(2) Economically, following the land equalization system in Sui and Tang Dynasties, land was granted by classes, and the state regularly divided the land for farmers to cultivate and collected taxes from them.
(3) Culture: Imitate the educational system of the Tang Dynasty, set up imperial academy in the center, set up Chinese studies in the local areas, and create Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Tang poetry is widely circulated in Japan, and China's calligraphy is deeply loved in Japan.
④ Social life: Japan still retains some people's fashions in the Tang Dynasty, such as Japanese architecture, food, tea ceremony, coins, mountain climbing on the Double Ninth Festival, etc.
2. Page 30 Du Dong, Jian Zhen
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, at the invitation of Japanese monks, Jian Zhen, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, made six missions to Japan. He worked tirelessly to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan, and carefully designed the Japanese Tang Zhaoti Temple, which made great contributions to the cultural exchange between China and Japan and the spread of Buddhism.
3.P.3 1 Xuanzang's Journey to the West
During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu (ancient India), and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. He traveled all the way, fearless and determined, and diligent in giving lectures. After returning to China, he wrote the book "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang", which became an important book for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Significance: It promoted the communication between China and foreign countries, enriched the civilization of the Tang Dynasty and improved the international status of the Tang Dynasty. China people are called "Tang people" by the world.
Fourth, enlightenment: further opening up; Strengthen peaceful exchanges.
Lesson 7 Brilliant Sui and Tang Culture (1)
1, page 33 Zhao Zhouqiao
Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world, more than 700 years earlier than similar bridges in Europe.
2. Engraving printing on page 34
The Diamond Sutra printed in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world.
3. The prosperity of Tang poetry
(1) Reason: Poetry is the main content of the imperial examination.
(2) Performance: The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry creation.
(3)P.35 Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi and their achievements.
poet
Life times
representative works
comment
Lipper
Tang Sheng
The early development of Baidicheng and the difficulties in Shu.
Immortal poet
Du Fu
The Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline.
"Three Officials" and "Three Points"
History of Poetry and Poets and Saints
Bai Juyi
Zhongtang
Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu
Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Culture (2)
1, P.38 Yan Zhenqing Liu Gongquan Calligraphy
Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy is vigorous and honest, and he is called "Yan Ti". Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is vigorous and vigorous, and he is called "Liu Ti". Both of them were collectively called "Yan Liu Jin Gu" by later generations.
2.P.40 Yan and Wu Daozi's paintings
Yan's representative works include Statues of Emperors in Past Dynasties and Walking Map. Wu Daozi is known as "the sage of painting" because of his superb painting skills. His masterpiece is Born of Gautama Buddha.
3.P.40 Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
The Mogao Grottoes excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties are located in the western part of Gansu Province today, which is a comprehensive and concentrated expression of the artistic achievements of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and can be called one of the largest art treasures in the world.
The shift of economic center of gravity to the south and the development of ethnic relations
Lesson 9 the era of coexistence of state power
1, P.50 Liao, Song, Xixia and Jin regimes coexist.
Regime name
nation
clotting time
constructors
capital
Reserve bill
Liao Dynasty/Liaohe/Laoning Province/Liaoyuan/Taishi
Qidan nationality
1Early 20th century
Abaoji
Shangjing
Great lakes alliance
Northern Song Dynasty
Han (ha)
In 960,
zhao kuang yin
Tokyo
XiXia
Tangut, Tangut
165438+ Early 20th century
Yuanhao
Xingqing
golden
Jurchen
1Early 2nd century
Agoudas
Huining
Southern Song Dynasty
Han (ha)
1 127
Zhao Gou
linan
2.P.53 Yue Fei resisted gold
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Jun attacked the Southern Song Dynasty on a large scale. Yue Fei organized a disciplined Yue Jiajun and defeated Jin Jun in Yancheng, but Qin Gui, the powerful minister, killed Yue Fei for the so-called "rebellion".
The economic center of gravity moved south.
1 and P56-59: the development of production and the prosperity of commerce in South China in Song Dynasty.
(1)P.56 Agriculture: Vietnam occupied the city and rice was introduced, and Suzhou and Huzhou became important granaries. There is a proverb that "Suzhou and Huzhou are ripe and the world is full". Cotton planting has expanded to the Yangtze River basin, and tea planting has also made great progress.
(2)P.57 Handicraft industry: Sichuan silk products are "the best in the world". The cotton industry, which rose from Hainan Island, developed to the southeast coastal areas in the Southern Song Dynasty. It rose in Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty and later became a famous porcelain capital. Shipbuilding in Song Dynasty ranked first in the world at that time.
(3)P.58 Commercial aspects: There were many commercial cities in the Song Dynasty, the largest of which were Kaifeng and Hangzhou. In the Song Dynasty, overseas trade surpassed that of the previous generation. Guangzhou and Quanzhou are world-famous large commercial ports, and the government has also set up a special agency to manage overseas trade, called the Municipal Shipping Department. Jiaozi, which appeared in Sichuan in the early Northern Song Dynasty, was the earliest paper money in the world.
2. China's ancient economic center of gravity moved southward;
(1) The economic development in the south of the Yangtze River during the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties was the foundation; ② In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the economic center of gravity began to move south. ③ The Five Dynasties and Ten Countries began to migrate to the Yangtze River basin; ④ In the Southern Song Dynasty, the transfer was completed; ⑤ During the Yuan Dynasty, the south continued to develop, forming a situation in which the north relied heavily on the south.
P.59 The economic center of gravity moved southward from the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and finally completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.
3. Reasons for economic development in the South:
① Economic factors: Since the late Tang Dynasty, due to the war in the north, a large number of people in the Central Plains moved to the south, which not only brought advanced technology and production experience, but also increased the labor force in the south and provided conditions for the economic development in the south.
(2) Political factors: The relative stability in the South provides a relatively stable situation for economic development. At the same time, the southern rulers attached importance to economic development and adopted some measures that were beneficial to economic development, which promoted the economic development in the south.
③ Natural factors: The natural conditions in the south of Song Dynasty were better, which was more suitable for agricultural production. The economic development of the South since the Three Kingdoms has also laid a certain foundation for the economic development of the South.
4. Enlightenment to today's economic construction:
(a) to adopt a policy of actively encouraging economic development; (2) maintaining a good situation of stability and unity; ③ Attach importance to scientific and technological progress and promote economic development; ④ Protect the ecological environment and pay attention to sustainable development.
Social Characteristics of Vientiane Renewal in Song Dynasty
1. Basic necessities of life in Song Dynasty
P.6 1 clothes: in the early northern song dynasty, thrift was advocated and the government had strict regulations on clothes. Then luxury goods prevailed. Women's bad foot-binding habits gradually spread.
P.62 Gourmet: There are many night market snacks in Beijing, and there are also many mutton in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, southerners ate more fish.
P.63 residence: the people's housing is simple, the official mansion is magnificent, and the gap between the rich and the poor is large. ("Du's men ... have a way ...")
Line P.63: People use ox carts and donkey carts, nobles go out in sedan chairs, and literati ride donkeys and mules.
2. Entertainment activities and folk customs in Song Dynasty
P.63 Le: Tokyo broke the pattern of cities and squares in the Tang Dynasty, and many entertainment and commercial places appeared, called "Wazi" ("Cuju" is the origin of football).
P.64 Festival: Today's traditional festivals have existed since the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the Spring Festival was called New Year's Day, which was very grand.
The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
P.66 Genghis Khan unified Mongolia
After Temujin unified the Mongolian grassland, Mongolian aristocrats held a meeting in 1206, elected him Khan, honorably called him Genghis Khan, and Mongolia was founded, ending the long-term scuffle in the Mongolian grassland.
Second, P.67 Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty.
1, the Yuan Dynasty was founded: Kublai Khan, that is, after Khan ascended the throne, decided that the title of the country was Yuan in 127 1 year, and the capital was Dadu in the following year, and Kublai Khan was Yuan Shizu.
2. Kublai Khan's rule
(1) Politics: Establishing the Yuan Dynasty; Establish a provincial system; Zheng Xuanyuan was established to manage Tibet, making Tibet officially a part of our territory; Strengthen the jurisdiction of Ryukyu (now Taiwan Province Province).
(2) Economy: attaching importance to agriculture, harnessing the Yellow River, promoting cotton planting, rebuilding canals and developing shipping have mostly become world-famous metropolises.
(3) Diplomacy: A trip between Kelpolo and Kyle Polo.
3. The establishment of the provincial system
(1) Main reason: vast territory. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was wider than that of any previous dynasty.
(2) Main purpose: to exercise effective rule over the whole country.
(3) Foundation: the county system founded by the Qin Dynasty.
(4) Main contents: (1) Set up Zhongshu Province in the central government as the highest administrative institution in China, which governs most cities and their nearby areas; In other places, the book provinces in banks, referred to as "provinces" for short, are managed by central government officials. The establishment of provincial administrative divisions in China began in the Yuan Dynasty. (3) The Yuan government also established Zheng Xuanyuan to strengthen its jurisdiction over Tibet, which officially became an administrative region and part of China's territory, and at the same time strengthened its jurisdiction over Ryukyu (now Taiwan Province Province).
(5) Influence: ① It laid the foundation for chinese administrative division after Ming and Qing Dynasties. (2) Strengthen the central government's rule over local governments, especially over Taiwan Province Province and Tibet. The provincial system unified the people of all ethnic groups under the jurisdiction of the central government, facilitated ethnic exchanges and promoted ethnic integration.
4. 4.★★★P.69 The development of national integration in the Yuan Dynasty
(1)P.69 The main reason: the unification of the Yuan Dynasty promoted national integration. After the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty, the people of all ethnic groups in China were under the jurisdiction of a central government, and the exchanges and contacts between ethnic groups were strengthened, resulting in a large-scale population movement, forming a complex situation in which many ethnic groups were intertwined in a region, which not only promoted the economic and cultural development of all ethnic groups, but also promoted the great integration of all ethnic groups.
(2) (2) The main performance of P.69: ① During the Yuan Dynasty, many Han people moved out and made contributions to the development of the frontier. (2) All ethnic groups in the border areas, including Mongols, have moved to the Central Plains and Jiangnan in large numbers, living together with the Han nationality, and after a long period of common life, they are no different from the Han nationality. (3) The Persians and Arabs who settled in China, together with the Han, Mongolian, Uygur and other ethnic groups, lived together for a long time, married each other and gradually merged, and began to form a new ethnic group-Hui.
(3) Significance: The large-scale population movement in the Yuan Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural development and integration of all ethnic groups.
(4) Understanding: ① The basic phenomenon and the highest form of ethnic relations in ancient China is ethnic integration. (2) Wars and conflicts between ethnic groups are temporary, and ethnic friendship is the mainstream of ethnic relations in ancient China. (3) The climax of China's ancient ethnic integration has three periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The function of national integration lies in improving the quality of the nation, promoting the formation and development of the Chinese nation, enhancing the cohesion of the Chinese nation, consolidating national unity and promoting social, economic and cultural development and prosperity.
(5) Enlightenment: ① Formulate correct ethnic policies, advocate equality among ethnic groups, and implement regional ethnic autonomy. 2. Correctly handle ethnic relations and resolutely safeguard the reunification of the motherland. ③ Actively promote the development of the western region, promote the common development and prosperity of all ethnic groups in the motherland, and build a harmonious Chinese family.
Splendid Song and Yuan culture (1)
1, movable type printing on page 72
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which greatly promoted the spread of culture. In the 0/5th century, movable type printing appeared in Europe, about 400 years later than China.
2. Pages 73-74: Compass and gunpowder
In the Warring States period, people found that magnets indicated the characteristics of north and south, so they made it "Sina", which was the earliest guide in the world. In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was made into a compass and began to be used for navigation. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass was introduced to Europe by Arabs, which created conditions for the navigation activities of European navigators later.
Gunpowder was invented by an alchemist in ancient China. At the end of the Tang dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder weapons were widely used in wars, and gunpowder and firearms were introduced to Arabia and Europe in the 13 and 14 centuries.
Printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking are the "four great inventions" in ancient China.
Splendid Song and Yuan Culture (2)
1, p. 77 See Sima Guang and Zi Tongzhi.
Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty was a famous historian in ancient China. His History as a Mirror is a great chronicle of general history, which records the history from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties in chronological order.
2. Pages 78-79 Su Shi, Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji
composer of ci poems
Life times
Fengge
Su Shi
Northern Song Dynasty
The momentum is heroic and heroic.
Li Qingzhao
At the turn of the song dynasty
Euphemism in style, sincere in feelings and good in spoken English.
Xin Qiji
Southern Song Dynasty
Lament over the distinction between mountains and rivers
3.P.80 "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival"
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by the great painter Zhang Zeduan depicts the scenery and prosperity along the Bianhe River in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Consolidate a unified multi-ethnic country and social crisis
Strengthen the monarchical power of the Ming Dynasty
First, the main measures to strengthen the monarchy in the Ming Dynasty
(1) P88-89 administrative organization reform
(1) In the local area, the province of Zhongshu was abolished, and three departments (Zheng Shi Department, Case Investigation Department and Command Department) were established, directly under the central government.
(2) Cancel the Central Premier, cancel the rights of Zhongshu Province and Zhongshu Province, and be directly responsible to the emperor.
(2)P.89 Establishment of the secret service for factory guards: Ming Taizu established the Royal Guard under the direct command of the emperor, which was in charge of guarding, monitoring and investigation. P.9 1 when the Ming emperor moved the capital to Beijing, he continued to reduce the number of vassals, set up an east factory, and strengthened the monitoring and investigation of his subjects. The establishment of the secret service for factory guards is a manifestation of The Ming dynasty emperors's high degree of dictatorship.
(3)P.89 Strengthen cultural autocracy. Following the imperial examination system of the previous generation and adopting stereotyped writing to select scholars, China's examination system has been standardized, fixed and modeled, which has strengthened the control of scholars' thoughts and seriously hindered the development of China's ideological culture and science and technology.
Second, influence: on the one hand, it consolidated the rule of the Ming Dynasty and created a relatively stable political situation; On the other hand, this high-handed policy intensified social contradictions and laid a crisis for the rule of the Ming Dynasty.
3. Understanding: The strengthening of monarchical power in the Ming Dynasty is an important manifestation of the political compulsion of the Ming government, which indicates the decline of the feudal political system in China. The germination of capitalism in Ming Dynasty is an important manifestation of the decline of feudal economic system. )
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