It can be divided into two stages: Northern Song Dynasty (960~ 1 127) and Southern Song Dynasty (11279).
Interpretation of country names
After Emperor Gong of the Zhou Dynasty ascended the throne, he returned to Germany for a holiday, and the German army was stationed in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan). The following year, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao and acceded to the throne. Because of its prosperity in Songzhou, its country is called "Song" and its capital is Bianliang (now Kaifeng). During the reign of Jingkang, Jin Bing captured Bianjing and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Huizong, rebuilt the Song Dynasty in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), which was called "Southern Song Dynasty" in history.
History of Northern Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty (960- 1279) is an era in the history of China, connecting the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the Yuan Dynasty. According to the changes of the capital and territory, it can be further divided into the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, which are collectively called the two Song Dynasties. In order to avoid the separatist regime and eunuch chaos since the late Tang Dynasty, the founding of the Song Dynasty adopted a policy of valuing literature over martial arts. On the one hand, although it was poor and weak militarily, it was defeated by its northern neighbors. Moreover, before 1 127, the imperial capital of Huiqin was captured by the Jin people, forcing the Song Dynasty to move south. 1279, Song died in Mengyuan in the naval battle of Yashan. But relatively speaking, the Song Dynasty was also one of the most prosperous times in China's history in terms of economy, culture and education. With the revival of Confucianism, the society is permeated with the atmosphere of respecting teachers and attaching importance to education, science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, and politics is more open and honest. There was no serious eunuch chaos and local separatist regime in the last Song Dynasty, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil strife were relatively small in the history of China. Chen, a famous historian, said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." . A considerable number of western and Japanese historians believe that the Song Dynasty was the Renaissance and economic revolution in China's history.
At the beginning of the founding of our country
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Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu
The founding emperor of the Song Dynasty was Mao. He was an inspector in front of the temple in the Zhou Dynasty, but he became Zhou Shizong's right-hand man after the Zhou Dynasty because of his outstanding military exploits. After Sejong's death, Emperor Gong, who succeeded to the throne, was still young, so he had the ambition to be emperor. During the Spring Festival in the seventh year of Xiande, some henchmen lied that Liao soldiers had arrived. At that time, Fan Ju, the prime minister, asked Zhao Kuangyin to lead the army north to defend the enemy. On the third day of the first month, Zhao Kuangyin arrived in Chen Qiaoyi. That night, when he was sleeping soundly, he was given a yellow robe by his people, and he was called the son of heaven. When the bureaucrats in the later Zhou Dynasty learned that there was nothing they could do, they had to face the reality. Duke Zhou was forced to abdicate.
In July of the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1) and October of Kaibao (969), Song Taizu twice "released troops from a glass of wine", depriving the heavily armed generals and local officials of their military power, entrusting them with empty posts, and leading the troops with civilian officials. The general power and financial power were all concentrated in the central government. Therefore, the Song Dynasty survived the separatist regime of the Tang Dynasty. However, it also led to the scarcity of local resources, which eventually led to repeated wars and defeats in foreign wars in the Song Dynasty.
Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong
Another cause facing Song Taizu is to unify the whole country. After consulting with Zhao Pu in Hakodate, Zhao Kuangyin decided to go south first and then north to unify the whole country. Zhao Kuangyin was the first to kill Nanping and Chu. Later, it perished in Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang. Mao was bent on unifying the whole country, and he also set up a stock company to save money and grain, hoping to redeem sixteen States from the Liao Dynasty in the future. In August of the ninth year of Kaibao (976), Taizu once again went north. However, on1October 19, Mao died suddenly, and his brother was busy taking the throne, so the cause of national reunification was temporarily suspended. Song Taizu's brother Zhao Guangyi acceded to the throne, and the temple was named Taizong. After the reign of Emperor Taizong was stable, he continued the cause of national reunification. First, Chen Heqian from Zhangzhou, Fujian and Quanfu surrendered, and then the Northern Han Dynasty perished. In May (979), in the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo, Emperor Taizong set out from Taiyuan for the Northern Expedition, taking advantage of the downfall of the Northern Han Dynasty, regardless of the opposition of his ministers. At first, Yizhou and Zhuozhou were recovered. Emperor Taizong was full of ambition and ordered an attack on Yanjing. The result was a fiasco in the Gaoliang River. After this campaign, the strategy of Song Dynasty was passive. In the third year of Yongxi (986), Emperor Taizong made another northern expedition, and the result was a great defeat. Yang Ye, a famous soldier, was also killed in this battle. Later, the Song Dynasty also failed in the war against the Tangut, and a popular uprising broke out in Sichuan. Emperor Taizong's administration had to focus on the internal deficiency and external reality. Tang Taizong himself was arty and liked poetry and songs, so the government paid special attention to cultural undertakings, and the Song Dynasty paid attention to the opening of education. Tang Taizong also likes calligraphy, and is good at cursive script, official script, running script, seal script, stereotyped writing, flying white, especially flying white. Even the words on Chunhua Yuanbao, the currency of the Song Dynasty, are too patriarchal.
Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne is quite doubtful, because folklore has always said that Zhao Kuangyin was killed by Zhao Guangyi. In order to ensure the legitimacy of the regime, Zhao Guangyi put forward the death theory of his mother Du Tai, that is, the "Golden Chamber Alliance". The alliance of the golden chamber originated from Du Taihou calling Zhao Pu into the palace to record his last life. Queen Mother Du said that after Zhao Kuangyin's death, she would preach Guangyi, Guang Mei (later renamed Mei Ting) and Dezhao (the eldest son of Zhao Kuangyin). This suicide note is hidden in the synopsis of the golden chamber, so it is called the alliance of the golden chamber. Although there is a saying of the alliance of golden chambers, Emperor Taizong successively forced the son of Taizu, De Zhaohe Fang De, to die, and demoted Mei Ting to Zhou Fang. Two years later, Mei Ting died in court. Yuan Zuo, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was also abolished because he sympathized with Mei Ting, and another son, Yuan Nuo, died suddenly. Finally, Xiang Wang Yuan Kan was made a prince and renamed Heng. In the third year of Daoguang (997), Emperor Taizong died, and Li and eunuchs attempted to establish themselves as emperors. Due to the proper disposal of Prime Minister Lv Duan, Zhao Caiheng ascended the throne smoothly, and the temple name was Zhenzong. Song dynasty also began to enter its heyday.
Step into the golden age
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Zhao Heng, Song Zhenzong
After Taizong's death, Zhao Heng, a true Sect, succeeded him to the throne. In the last years of Taizong, Zhenzong pursued Huang Lao politics and did nothing. Since the Northern Expedition of Yongxi, the Liao Dynasty frequently plundered the border area between Song and Liao Dynasties, which eventually evolved into a large-scale invasion of Song Dynasty in the first year of Jingdezhen (1004). Prime Minister Kou Zhun defended War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. As a result, the clan really got involved, and Song Jun's morale was greatly boosted. He was at loggerheads with the Liao army under Zhoucheng, and the Liao army was forced to make peace. After several negotiations, the two countries successfully held peace talks. The main contents of the peace treaty are: Song gave Liao silk 202,000 yuan and silver/KLOC-0,000,000 yuan each year, and both sides were brother countries. Historically, the peace treaty was called "the alliance of the Yuan Dynasty".
Later, Kou Zhun gradually fell out of favor and was finally dismissed. True Sect began to trust courtier Wang Qinruo. Wang Qinruo is good at catering, knowing that Neo-Zen wants to create a peaceful atmosphere in the world, so he strongly advocates Neo-Zen meditation. Wang Qinruo himself joined hands with another prime minister, Wang Dan, and created many auspicious images in various places, which won the true meaning. Results In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Zhenzong amenorrhea occurred three times. This has seriously consumed the strength of the people.
True Sect and Empress Liu have no children. Once, Zhenzong accidentally fell in love with Liu's maid Li. Results Li He gave birth to a son (Zhao Deyi) in the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 10), which was later Renzong. Later, Liu and another concubine, Yang, raised the child. In the Mid-Autumn Festival in the second year of Tianxi (10 18), Zhenzong officially named Zhao Deyi as a prince and renamed him. On February 20th, the first year of Ganxing (1022), Zhenzong died. When the Prince succeeded to the throne, Liu was honored as the Empress Dowager, acting as military affairs agent before Injong came of age. From then on, Liu began the era of listening to politics for sixteen years.
Fan Zhongyan, who "worries about the world first, and enjoys the world later", was always in the shadow of Liu in the early days of his administration until Liu's death. Although Empress Injong is Cao Shi, she has always liked a Zhang Guifei. However, Zhang came from a humble background and never became a queen. In the sixth year of Emperor Youdi (1054), Zhang died on the eighth day of the first month. In fact, Renzong regarded the funeral as a gift from the queen and named him Wencheng Queen. As a result, two queens died in my life, unprecedented.
After Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor in the third year of Qing Dynasty (1038), several years of war broke out between Song and Xia Dynasties, and Song Jun suffered repeated wars and defeats, which led to an increase in money and grain. Later, Renzong appointed capable ministers such as Fan Zhongyan, Lv Yijian, Fu Bi, Bao Zheng and Han Qi to celebrate the New Deal, which achieved good results. This country has entered the most prosperous stage since the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, some old-school figures claim that these reformist officials unite and tout each other as cronies. Because Renzong always hated the idea of forming a party for personal gain, these bureaucrats were later demoted to local officials. The short celebration of the New Deal is over. In the frontier, Renzong appointed General Di Qing, who successively suppressed the rebellion of Nanman farmers and the provocation of Xixia.
After Injong's death, Zhao Shu succeeded to the throne. He is the grandson of Zhao Yuanfen, the younger brother of Zhenzong. In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), he was established as the Crown Prince. When Yingzong was ill, Empress Dowager Cao was in charge of politics at first. After May of the first year of Zhiping (1064), Yingzong took charge. However, half a month after Britain came to power, the Puyi incident broke out and the debate lasted 18 months. The time was caused by Prime Minister Han Qi's request to discuss the birthright of Yingzong's father. So the DPRK is divided into two factions. One school thinks that Wang Pu, the father of Yingzong, should be called Bo Huang, while the other thinks that it should be called Huang Kao. In the end, Queen Cao issued a letter calling for the imperial examination of the father of Yingzong. Settle the argument. But on the whole, Yingzong was still a promising monarch. He continued to employ former ministers and boldly explored new ones. Yingzong also attached great importance to the compilation of books, and the compilation of Zi Tong Zhi Jian was advocated by Yingzong.
Xining political reform and the struggle between old and new parties
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After Wang Anshi's death, his eldest son Zhao Yong succeeded to the throne. During the ruling period, the system formulated in the early Song Dynasty had many drawbacks, and the people's livelihood began to retrogress, and the Liao and Xia dynasties on the border were even more eyeing. Therefore, Zongshen is determined to reform. Zongshen used Wang Anshi, a famous reformist minister, to carry out political reform and appointed him as a political commissar. Wang Anshi's new law includes equal damage, young crops, exemption from service, Yishi, Jiabao, Ma Bao and other land taxes. However, the implementation of the new law was strongly opposed by conservatives headed by Sima Guang. Coupled with the constant natural disasters throughout the country, the determination to implement Zongshen's new law has also wavered. In the seventh year of Xining (1074), during the drought in the north, an official named Xia Zheng presented a picture of refugees to Zongshen. The scene in the picture was terrible, and Zongshen was greatly shocked. The next day, Shenzong ordered the suspension of eighteen decrees, such as young crops, ploughing and exemption from labor. Although these decrees were quickly restored, the distrust between Zongshen and Wang Anshi began. In April of the seventh year of Xining, Wang Anshi dismissed from office for the first time, and jiangning house knew it. Later, Lv Huiqing, an official of the reform school, acted rashly. Wang Anshi returned to Beijing to resume his post, but he was still resolutely obstructed by conservatives. In June of the ninth year of Xining (1076), Wang Anshi's eldest son died, and Wang Anshi took the opportunity to resolutely withdraw. In October, Zongshen ousted Wang Anshi again, and Wang Anshi was indifferent to the world from then on.
Although the evaluation of Xining's new law by later generations is very polarized, there is no doubt that the implementation effect of the new law is far from what Wang Anshi expected. Although the implementation of the new law has greatly increased the country's fiscal revenue and cultivated land area, it has seriously increased the burden on civilians. The military reform of Xining's new law is only a stopgap measure, and the combat effectiveness of the army has not been significantly improved. Coupled with Wang Anshi's haste, more than ten reforms that took a long time to complete in social evolution were all implemented in just a few years, which made the reform fall into the dilemma of haste makes waste. Moreover, in the later period of the implementation of the new law, the difference between the provisions and the implementation effect is getting bigger and bigger, and some measures have changed from benefiting the people to disturbing the people. Improper employment in the implementation of the new law is also the reason for the final loss of popular support. Among the reformists, the personalities of Lv Huiqing, Ceng Bu, Li Ding and Cai Jing are quite controversial. Some are even regarded as villains. Huang Renyu, a historian who is famous for his "great history", commented on this reform: "In the nine hundred years before us, China tried to manipulate state affairs by means of financial control, and its scope and depth were never put forward in other parts of the world. However, modern finance is an omnipresent and all-round organizational force, and its rules and contours are included. Other similar factors should not be allowed to compete. "
After Wang Anshi was deposed, Zongshen continued to reform his career, nicknamed "Yuanfeng Restructuring". Although Yuanfeng Reform is also called "Xifeng New Law" with Xining Reform, its reform strength cannot be compared with Xining Reform. With the strengthening of national strength, Zongshen shifted his focus to foreign aggression. He is determined to destroy Xixia. In May of the fifth year of Xining (1072), Zongshen began to explore Xixia, and achieved great victory, which greatly inspired Zongshen's confidence. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (108 1), there was a coup in Xixia, and Zongshen took this opportunity to conquer Xixia again. The result was a fiasco. Therefore, Zongshen couldn't afford to get sick. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), at the beginning of the first month, Shen Li, a servant of Zhao, was a vassal. Although the new laws promulgated were briefly abolished by his mother, the Empress Dowager Gao, they were quickly restored one after another, and many of them were even used in the Southern Song Dynasty.
After Zongshen's death, Empress Dowager Gao listened to politics and imposed strict restrictions on Zhao Xu, the newly acceded philosopher. Empress Dowager Cixi trusted the old party headed by Sima Guang and neglected Zhezong, which led to a serious struggle between the old and new parties, for the sake of the Yuan You Party. After he ruled the country, Zhe denounced the old party and trusted the new one, so the cause of political reform continued.
The shame of Jingkang
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Song Huizong is a talented artist, but he is also the king of national subjugation.
Zhezong left no children. After his death, his younger brother Evonne succeeded to the throne of Song Huizong. Hui Zong is good at enjoying himself and has no interest in state affairs. Hui Zong likes pen and ink, painters and horseback riding since childhood. Evonne lived a decadent life and liked to visit brothels. He also built many buildings and listened to the Taoist priest. He built Long Live Mountain in the northeast corner of Kaifeng, and later renamed it Genyue. Genyue has more than ten miles of Fiona Fang, including Furong Pool and Cixi. There are pavilions, birds and beasts. Hui Zong also set up a Phoenix-welcoming Bureau in Suzhou to search for strange stones in the southeast, which was for the sake of the Huashi class and caused public outrage.
Hui Zong, regardless of state affairs, handed over all government affairs to six thieves headed by Cai Jing. Cai Jing banned the party and excluded dissidents in the name of restoring the new law. On the second day after Cai Jing ascended the throne, he issued an imperial edict prohibiting the laws of Yuan You. This is the so-called Yuan You traitor case. Therefore, honest ministers are excluded from the political center. Hui Zong himself was overjoyed. When he saw that Liao was attacked by the State of Jin, he reunited with the first year (1 1 18) and sent an envoy Ma Zheng to Dengzhou to cross the sea to Jin. The two sides discussed that the two countries would jointly attack the Liao country, and Nanjing and Xijing were responsible for attacking the Liao country in the Northern Song Dynasty. After the demise of Liao, the land was returned to Song, and the old coins given to Liao by Song were replaced by gold. This is the maritime alliance. However, Song Jun was defeated. In the end, the nomads from the army plundered the population of Yanjing and deducted the three states of Ying, Ping and Luanhe. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (1 125), Jin Bing attacked the Song Dynasty in two directions. Evonne was so scared that he immediately inherited his son Qin Zong to Zhao Huan. Qin Zong wavered between war and peace. Later, in desperation, Li Gang was activated to defend Tokyo. Although he won for a time, the ruler did not give up and went south twice. In September of the first year of Jingkang (1 126), Taiyuan fell. In November, the outer city of Kaifeng fell, and 8 Jin Army forced Qin Zong to make peace. On the 30th of November, Qin Zong was forced to make peace in Jinying and returned three days later. The gold digger demanded a lot of gold and silver. Qin zong therefore plundered property in Kaifeng city. Kaifeng city was besieged by the Jin army, and epidemic diseases prevailed in the city, and many people starved to death. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), Hui Di and Qin were abolished and demoted. On the 7th, Hui Zong was forced to go to Jin Ying. The Jin Dynasty established another Zhang Bangchang and a puppet regime called "Da Chu". Two cases of Qin Hui were captured by the Jin people and taken to the five kingdoms city, which was called the shame of Jingkang or the disaster of Jingkang in history. Hui Zong was created as a loyal and faithful man, and Qin Zong was created as a loyal and faithful Hou. The last two people died in a foreign land, Wu Guocheng.
Although Hui Zong has made no achievements in politics, there is no doubt that his accomplishments in painting and calligraphy are unparalleled. Hui Zong's calligraphy and painting play an important role in the art history of China. Hui Zong created "Thin Gold Style", attaching importance to calligraphy and painting. The status of Hanlin Painting and Calligraphy Institute has been greatly improved, and Zhang Zeduan, a famous painter and author of The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, was promoted by him. Even his son Zhao Gou was edified and became an outstanding calligrapher.
Jianyan Du Nan
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The Jin Dynasty captured many royal families in the Song Dynasty in the Jingkang Rebellion, and Zhao Gou, the King of Kang, was one of them. In the second year of Jingkang (1 127), Zhao Gou went south from now Hebei to Tianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan) and became the emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, Zhao Gou went all the way from Huaihe River and Yangtze River to Hangzhou to restore the Song Dynasty, and promoted Hangzhou to Lin 'an Prefecture. In the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Lin 'an was officially established as the capital, and it was called "Hangzai" (the capital). The ruler also swooped down all the way to Lin 'an, and Emperor Gaozong had no way to escape, so he had to escape to the sea and wandered around the coast of Wenzhou for four months. Due to the humid weather in the south and the heroic resistance of the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty, Commander Jin decided to withdraw his troops to the north. When Han Shizhong retreated to Zhenjiang in the north, he was cut off by the Song Dynasty, and as a result, he was forced into Huangtiandang. Song Jun besieged/kloc-0,000,000 herdsmen with 8,000 troops, and the two sides were deadlocked for 48 days. Finally, the nomads opened the gap through fire attack and they were able to retreat. Nomads were defeated by Yue Fei again in Jiankang and never dared to cross the river again.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei was the most famous of the "Four Generals of Zhongxing". He seized the land controlled by the pseudo-Qi regime supported by the Jin Dynasty through the Northern Expedition. However, Yue Fei praised God and disagreed with Gao Zong, which paved the way for his later murder. In the tenth year of Shaoxing (1 140), the Jin people tore their faces and discussed the invasion to the south again. Due to Song's heroic anti-Japanese war, Jin Jun's attacks in Huaibei, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Anhui all failed. In July, Jin transferred to Yancheng, lost to Yue Fei, transferred to Yingchang, and lost again. YueGuJun 56-point thrashing, play to leave only forty-five miles in Zhuxian town. Northern rebels also responded to Yue Fei. So that the Jin people lamented that "it is easy to shake the mountain, but difficult to shake the Yue family army", and once planned to give up Kaifeng and cross the river and flee north. However, at this time, Emperor Gaozong won the 12 gold medal, and urged Yue Fei to dispatch troops, which destroyed the achievements of the Northern Expedition. Finally, Yue Fei was killed on trumped-up charges. In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1 14 1), Song and Jin reached the Shaoxing Peace Conference, with Huaishui-Dasanguan as the boundary between the two countries. Every year in the Song Dynasty, 252,000 pieces of silver and 250,000 pieces of silk were paid to Jin.
The emperor appointed Qin Gui as prime minister. Jingkang advocated anti-Jin, but it was taken away by Jin people. In October (1 130), Qin Gui returned to the south. Because he pursued the policy of surrender, he had a good relationship with Emperor Gaozong. Qin Gui became the deputy prime minister in March and the right prime minister after August. Because Qin Gui actively cultivated his henchmen, he was not keen on making peace. One year later, he was dismissed by Emperor Gaozong. After the strike, Qin Gui kept a low profile and waited for an opportunity. In May of the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Emperor Gaozong appointed Qin Gui as the right prime minister. After Qin Gui came to power, he persecuted officials who opposed him, married consorts and made friends with ministers. The emperor only acquiesced in Qin Gui's behavior. In the later period, due to the great power of Qin Gui, the emperor was shocked. For example, Qin Gui's grandson lost the first place at the command of Gao Zongqin. Qin Gui's power is declining. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1 155), Qin Gui was seriously ill, and he planned to let his son take over, but was rejected by Emperor Gaozong and died soon.
After Qin Gui's death, Emperor Gaozong attacked other parties on the one hand, and reused capitulator officials on the other. Gaozong was infertile, so he chose his successor from two descendants of Taizu and Zhao Yun. In the end, Zhao Yuan won. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Zhao Yuan was made Prince and renamed Zhao Shen. In the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), King Jin Hailing invaded the south and was repelled in quarrying. This matter made Gao Made Zongmeng quit. In June, 56-year-old Emperor Gaozong abdicated, and Prince Zhao Shen ascended the throne as Xiaozong. He called the emperor's father himself. He lives in Deshou Palace. After Emperor Gaozong became the emperor's father, he indulged himself and spent a lot of money. In the 14th year of Xichun (1 187), Gaozong died on October 8th.
Pian' an Jiangnan
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After Xiaozong ascended the throne, he reformed the state affairs and tried to restore it. Song Dynasty entered a relatively prosperous period. Xiaozong rehabilitated Yue Fei's unjust imprisonment and recovered the Central Plains with hawks. In April of the first year of Longxing (1 163), Xiao Zong ordered Li Xianzhong and Shao Hongyuan to send troops to the Northern Expedition. Although the Northern Expedition was once successful, it failed in only 20 days because of the discord among generals and the thought of underestimating the enemy. Later, Xiaozong had to negotiate with Kim. In the second year of Longxing (1 164), in December, Song and Jin formally signed a peace treaty, which was called Longxing Peace Treaty in history. However, Xiao Zong still remembers to restore the Central Plains and continue to rectify armaments. However, due to the death of a group of hawkish generals, the Northern Expedition came to an end. In the internal affairs, Xiaozong actively rectified the bureaucracy, abolished redundant officials, punished corruption, strengthened centralization and attached importance to agricultural production. Generally speaking, the internal situation of the Song Dynasty has changed. After the death of Emperor Gaozong, Xiao Zong became more and more indifferent to politics, and finally decided to give way to his son Zhao Dun, that is, Guangzong. However, Guangzong soon became mentally ill and was very unfilial to himself, which made Xiaozong very sad. In July of the fifth year of Shao Xi (1 194), Xiaozong died.
Guangzong was suspicious and didn't trust the ministers around his father Xiaozong, so he became increasingly crazy after two years on the throne. In July of the fifth year of Shao Xi, after Xiaozong died of illness, Guangzong still refused to mourn. Lin' an city is chaotic and the situation is unstable. Imperial clan Zhao Ruyu and Zhao Yanyue began to secretly plan the new monarch. Finally, Empress Dowager Tai issued a letter, and Guangzong was honored as the emperor's father. His son Zhao Kuo succeeded Ning Zong and Qing Yuan (1 195). Six years later, Guangzong died. Shi Zaining is "not wise" and has a low IQ. Ningzong was once controlled by two powerful ministers-Han Yazhou and Shi. Although General Ning has a low IQ, he is still a loyal minister on the whole.
domestic trouble and foreign invasion
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In the early days of Ningzong, Zhao Ruyu became prime minister. Zhao Ruyu's political integrity is very good. However, due to the impoliteness of the royal family as prime minister and the incitement of Han Biaozhou, he was eventually dismissed. But people still miss him very much, and there are mourning poems on the gate of Lin 'an every day. In order to thoroughly eliminate Zhao Ruyu's influence and exclude dissidents, Han Tuozhou founded a party ban in Qingyuan under the guise of academics. Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism is called "pseudo-Confucianism", and the ministers who believe in Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism in the DPRK are even more opposed to Han Biaozhou. Han Yizhou took this opportunity to expel all the literati who believed in Neo-Confucianism from the government.
In the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Han Biaozhou saw that Neo-Confucianism was no longer a threat, so he lifted the party ban. However, the ban within the party is unpopular. In order to win over scholars, Han Biaozhou used the name of the Northern Expedition to confuse people. In the second year of the jubilee (1206), Han Tuo Prefecture rashly carried out the Northern Expedition, which soon failed. The failure of the Northern Expedition made Hantuo a target of public criticism. His political opponents used this to form an alliance with the main pacifists and the opposition in South Korea. The Jin people regard killing Han Yazhou as one of the conditions for peace talks. On November 3rd of the third year of the Jubilee (1207), Shi and others forged a secret order to kill Han Shuanzhou. Since then, the period of dictatorship has begun. Stone colluded with Queen Yang to monopolize power.
Ning Zongben had eight sons, but they all died. So Zhao Qi, the son of Liyi, became the Prince. Zhao is very dissatisfied with his dictatorship. Therefore, Shi abolished the throne of the Prince and made Zhao Yun the heir to the throne. In the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), Ningzong died on August 3rd. Zhao Yun succeeded to the throne for Li Zong. However, Shi continued his dictatorship, while Zhao Yun pursued the strategy of keeping a low profile.
Less than six years in October (1233), stone dead. Japanese Sect finally got rid of the shadow of history. The following year, Li Zong changed Yuan Ping and implemented a series of reform measures, which was called "more flat" in history. When the old party was abolished, the state affairs once improved. At the same time, in the north, the rulers are facing Mongolia's gradual advance and national subjugation. North Korea's foreign policy is also divided into two factions, one of which believes that Mongolia should be United against gold; The other school thinks that we should keep in mind the truth that the lips are dead and the teeth are cold and the lessons of the maritime alliance, help the Jin Dynasty and make it a fan of the Song Dynasty.
In December (1232), Mongolia sent envoys to discuss the cooperation between Song and Mongolia in attacking gold. Most ministers of the dynasty agreed, but only Zhao Fan opposed it. Li Zong agreed to Mongolia's request, and Mongolia also promised to return Henan to the Song Dynasty after the destruction of gold. But this is only an oral agreement, leaving no written agreement, laying the groundwork for future troubles. When Jin Aizong learned of it, he also sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to make a statement, hoping to unite against Mongolia, but Li Zong refused. Li Zong appointed Songshi to be responsible for removing gold.
Less than six years (1233), Song Jun conquered Dengzhou. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Cai Zhou was conquered, Jin Aizong hanged himself, and the ruler perished. Song transported the body of Jin Aizong brought by Meng Qi back to Lin 'an. Li Zong enshrined the remains of Jin Aizong in the ancestral hall to comfort Hui and Qin's spirit.
Be destroyed
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Song Duanzong Zhao and Zhao Min were forced to flee south by the Yuan Army, passing a boulder estimated at about 300 metric tons in Kowloon Peninsula. Later, people nearby carved the three Chinese characters "Song Wangtai" on this huge stone that can accommodate more than 50 people. After the downfall of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolian army withdrew northward and Henan was empty. Li Zong intends to seize the pass (Tongguan), defend the river (Yellow River), recover the three capitals (Kaifeng, Tokyo, Luoyang, Xijing and Guide, Nanjing) and recover the Central Plains. In May of the first year of Duanping (1234), Li Zong appointed Zhao Kui as the head coach and Quan Zi as the pioneer, and sent a letter to send troops to Henan. On June 12, Quanzi recaptured Nanjing. On July 5th, Song Jun entered Kaifeng. However, the fighter plane was delayed because of poor food and grass. When Song Jun attacked Luoyang, he was ambushed by Mongols and suffered heavy losses. Song Jun was defeated on all fronts. Duanping failed to enter Romania, and Song suffered heavy losses in this campaign, and a large number of elite soldiers and materials were wasted, which also provided an excuse for Mongolia to invade Song later. After Duan Ping entered Romania, he was lazy in politics and indulged in debauchery, which was a political failure. Both of his sons died young, so he finally chose his younger brother Zhao He's son Qi as the Crown Prince. Because Zhao Qi's mother took abortion drugs during pregnancy, Zhao Qi was born with congenital defects. In June of the first year of Ding Jing (1260), Li Zongli made Zhao Qi the prince. Ding Jing five years (1264) on December 26th, Li Zong died, Zhao Qi acceded to the throne as the governor.
After Zhao Qi acceded to the throne, he ignored state affairs and indulged in debauchery all day long. Jia Sidao, the right prime minister, usurped power. Jia Sidao ganged up for personal gain and rejected dissidents. Playing with wives and concubines in Geling Mountain Villa all day, because he is good at fighting crickets, people call him "Prime Minister Cricket". He banned the front-line war from being known to Du Zong. It was three years after Xiangyang and Fancheng were besieged that Du Zongcai learned about it. In the second year of Duanping (1235), the Mongolian army invaded south for the first time and was repelled. Unwilling to fail, the Mongolian army invaded south twice in September of the following year and in the third year, and the front almost approached the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because Song Jun fought bravely and defeated the Mongols, he once again foiled the Mongols' attempt to cross the river. Subsequently, under the command of anti-Mongolian generals Meng Gong, Meng Ying, Yu Jie and others, the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty defeated the Mongolian army many times, forcing it to make a detour. In the year of Kai Qing Yuan (1259), Mongolian Khan Mengge was wounded by Song Jun's arrow while fighting in Hezhou and died in the army. His brother Kublai Khan fought Song Jun in Ezhou. After hearing the news, he immediately prepared to withdraw his troops in order to seize the position of Khan. Jia Sidao took the opportunity to send someone to make peace with Kublai Khan to ensure peace. In this way, Kublai Khan directly returned to the north to stand on his own feet. In the seventh year of offering spring (127 1), Kublai Khan was founded in the Central Plains. In the tenth year of Xianchun (1274), Du Zong died on July 9th at the age of 35.
After Du Zong's death, his eldest son Zhao? At that time, the rule of the Song Dynasty was paralyzed. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army captured the military towns of Anqing and Chizhou, threatening Jiankang, and the Yangtze River defense line collapsed. People from all walks of life hope that Jia Sidao can go to war after the earthquake in the ruling and opposition parties. As a result, Song Jun was defeated. Jia Sidao was demoted and killed by prison officer Zheng Huchen on his way to his post. On November 20, the first year of Deyou, Changzhou fell and the Yuan Army held a massacre. Soon Pingjiang also fell, and Lin 'an was in a panic. In the second year of Deyou (1276), the surrender ceremony was held in Lin 'an City on the fifth day of February. Officially abdicated. But what about Zhao? The younger brothers Shi Zhao and Zhao Min fled Lin 'an under the protection of the minister. Zhao ascended the throne in Fuzhou in order to end the sect and change it to Jingyan (1276). However, the internal struggle in the small court continues. In November of the first year of Jingyan, Meng Jun approached Fuzhou. 1 1 month15th, courtiers Chen and Zhang Shijie escorted Zhao Min to the south by boat. Since then, the small court can only travel to North Korea by sea. In the spring of the third year of Jingyan (1278), the small court arrived in Leizhou. On April 15th, Zhao died at the age of eleven. Lu Xiufu and his ministers acclaimed Zhao Min as emperor and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Xiangxing (1278). Under the onslaught of the Yuan army, Leizhou fell and the small court moved to Yashan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang Hongfan, a rebel of Han nationality, followed closely and launched a general attack on Yashan. Song Jun was unable to fight and was completely defeated. Zhao Min jumped into the sea with Lu Xiufu and more than 800 members of the royal family of Song Zhao. The world is not ashamed of Zhang Hongfan, so they stand here and ridicule "Zhang Songhong Fan perished here", and the Song Dynasty declared complete extinction here. The battle of Yashan was extremely tragic. After the war1100,000 people committed suicide and died, and bodies were everywhere in the sea. Wen Tianxiang witnessed the tragedy with his own eyes and wrote a poem: "When Jie came, people died in chaos. The waves tore the heart and cracked the lungs, and the wind blew. "