Nanjing and its capital.
In the 16th year of Zheng Zhi, Yuan Shundi (1356), in March, Zhu Yuanzhang Group breached Jiangning and changed Qing Ji Road to Yingtianfu. Since then, attack the city slightly, based on the sky. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Yingtian was named as the capital of Nanjing and Hongwu in the 11th year (1378).
It has gone through a process from gathering to celebrate the day, from celebrating the day to Nanjing and the capital, to making decisions and building the capital. As early as Zhu Yuanzhang went south to Dingyuan Temple Mountain, Feng suggested that Jinling was the imperial capital. What do you suggest? Pull it out first and think it's fundamental? . Tao An also thinks:? Jinling, the capital of ancient emperors, is surrounded by dragons and tigers and is limited to the Yangtze River. If you take it, you can win it according to its shape and go out of the square. What can we do? ? Having said that, everyone knows that Nanjing covers an area, but the foundation established here is based on the partial security regime, which has half of the south of the Yangtze River, but the unified empire has no capital in the south of the Yangtze River. Feng's proposal was also put forward under specific historical conditions.
shilly-shally
When Ming Taizu proclaimed himself emperor, he named the country Daming, Hongwunian, Queen and Prince, but he didn't have its capital. Seven months after you proclaimed yourself emperor, do you take it for granted? Nanjing? , and take Kaifeng as? Beijing? . It can be seen that we have been indecisive on the issue of funds.
In September of the second year of Hongwu, Ming Taizu discussed with his ministers about moving the capital, but it was still to the purpose. Some people advocate Chang 'an and Luoyang as the capital, others advocate Kaifeng and Beijing as the capital, and of course some people insist on Nanjing as the capital. Although Ming Taizu himself once said, is it really enough to build a country if Jianye wins in the south? , but the main consideration? At the beginning of pacification, the people did not rest? . Such as Dingduguan, Luoyang and Bianbian, the supply of power depends on Jiangnan; If Nanjing is the capital, you can save the labor force for connecting flights. In addition, Nanjing has a palace built during the reign of King Wu, which can temporarily avoid large-scale construction.
In the eleventh year of Hongwu, Nanjing was renamed the capital. It seems that the funding problem has been solved, but Ming Taizu is not practical. As Zheng Xiao later said:? The state decided to make Jinling the king's land, but the situation in the south of the Yangtze River could not control the northwest. ? "Ming history? "Xing Di Zong Xiao Kang Biography" said:
In August of the twenty-fourth year of Hongwu, the prince was the governor of Shaanxi. First of all, the emperor took Yingtian and Kaifeng as the south, and Beijing and Lin Hao as the capital. Suggestions and suggestions Hu Zikai wrote:? There are four places in the world to win: Hedong has a high terrain and controls the northwest. Yao tasted the capital, and its land was bitter and cold; The capital of song dynasty is surrounded by the Huaihe river and the capital of song dynasty is a product, but its land is flat and open, and there is no danger to lean on; Duke Zhou of Luoyang predicted that Zhou and Han moved. Song and Yun were not hindered by confusion, faith and tail in the south, and Jane, Zhuo, Yi and Luo were not heroes of Jing, Wei, Ba and Yun. According to the victory of 120 rivers and mountains, the husband can shrug off the princes and raise the world. ?
Ming Taizu was moved by his words, so he had a trip to Guanzhong by Zhu Biao, the prince of Wen Yi. Therefore, people think that the governor of Zhu Biao's westward journey is illusory, and the plan to move the capital is real.
However, Hu's exposition on the capital has obvious limitations. What did he list? Can you do it? Limited to the capital of the Han regime, it abandoned Beijing, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Although Liao, Jin and Yuan are all the capital? Ren Hu? Political power, but as a politician, Liu Ji obviously has a broader mind and more outstanding knowledge than the scholar Hu. He clearly expounded the irreplaceable advantages of Beijing as the capital:
Yuanshi county County entered the Central Plains, supplemented by Yao, Liu, Xu and Yelushi. Although Yinshan is the capital, its solid terrain is the best in the world. According to the heyday, it will last for a hundred years. For a while, the article was also quite strange, not necessarily the impression that mountains and rivers are better than the atmosphere or helpful. As for the Yuan season, the four sides are buzzing and the capital is impregnable. Gezi faces the sea in the east and Shanxi and Hebei in the west. The former is beneficial to the mainland and the north with a solid natural barrier. If it weren't for fate, its owner would be worse than famine, but he would stick to snobbery. Although he led millions of soldiers under the fortified city, over the years, he lost and became dull, and he didn't know which was the gain or loss.
In fact, Ming Taizu has never regarded Beijing as its capital. According to He's Yu Donglu, he once asked the courtiers: With the capital, can Beiping control the frontier fortress? What is better than Nanjing? ? Do you want Beijing? Isn't it caused by the exhaustion of the fate of the earth? , and play with the emperor xing? Is it dangerous in Germany? Play the same old tune. At the beginning of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Ming Taizu temporarily gave up the idea of moving the capital to Beijing. Coupled with the death of Prince Zhu Biao, the four kings of Qin, Jin, Yan and Ning guarded the border and other factors, Ming Taizu did not move the capital during his reign of 3 1 year.
Move the capital to Beijing
Chengzu? Jingnan? After winning the position, the question of moving the capital was raised again. Beijing is not only the former residence of Fan Yan, but also the hometown of Wang Xing. And the success of Jingnan, in Chengzu's view, is not because of Beijing? Sheng Xing? Suppressed Nanjing. In addition, the border troubles from the north became more and more serious, so it was quickly decided to build Beijing.
In the first month of the first year of Yongle (1403), Li Zhigang, the minister of rites, and others said:? Since the emperors of past dynasties, they have been promoted to worship heaven in the place where they have been traced, either by putting down the world in cloth or by inheriting foreign princes. I am eager to see that the chief secretary of Beiping is actually carried by the emperor, and it is appropriate to follow the system of Taizu Huanggao Zhongdu and make it Kyoto. ? Li Zhigang and others have inherited the will of their ancestors so soon? Report? Take Beiping as Beijing, imitate Nanjing as Tianfu, and change Beiping House as Shuntianfu. In September of the eighteenth year of Yongle, a letter was sent to the world, with Beijing as its capital and Nanjing as its capital. After deliberation and demonstration during the reign and propaganda period, Beijing was finally established in November of the sixth year of the British Orthodox Church, with Nanjing as its capital, and the system of both the north and the south was established.
Present situation of Nanjing
After moving the capital to Beijing, how to straighten out the status of the two capitals is a problem that affects the overall situation. On the one hand, Nanjing should continue to play its role in controlling the prosperity of Jiangnan and ensuring Beijing's grain transportation; On the other hand, Nanjing should not be allowed to become a base for some careerists to set up another hill against the central authorities. Since Cheng Zu can fight in Beijing and take positions south, who can guarantee that no one will fight in Ning and take the Central Plains in the future? Therefore, since Xuanzong succeeded to the throne in the north, Nanjing was no longer supervised by the prince, nor was it appointed by the imperial clan. Instead, a Chinese official, a special minister and a minister of the Ministry of War formed a garrison to deal with Nanjing and Jiangnan affairs.
Internal and external garrison
On the fifth day of August in the 22nd year of Yongle, ten days before Injong ascended the throne, Nanjing garrison eunuchs were set up. After Chengzu died in Yumuchuan, Renzong set out from the Northern Expedition to defend the capital, and at the same time ordered eunuch Wang Jinghong to lead the officers and men sent to Nanyang to guard Nanjing. Is this Nanjing? Keep the official? At the beginning, Wang Jinghong also became the first eunuch to guard Nanjing. In order to distinguish it from the guards in various places, what is the name of the guards in Nanjing? Garrison? Eunuch. A month later, he ordered Xiang Chengbo and Xu to defend Nanjing.
In the first month of the first year of Hongxi (1425), Zheng He returned to Nanjing with the main force of the government troops who went to the West, and was ordered to guard eunuchs in Nanjing at the same time. From then on, Nanjing garrison eunuch and garrison minister were divided into two officials, one for each person, and called internal and external garrison, which was called cooperation, but in fact they restricted each other. Renzong's letter to Zheng He said:? In internal affairs, he cooperated with Wang Jinghong, Zhu Buhua and Tang to manage affairs. In foreign affairs, he negotiated with Li Longlong and Xu Duwei of Xiangcheng County and put them into practice. ? Xuanzong's letter to Li Long said:? Everything was planned with Zheng He and Wang Jinghong, eunuchs stationed in the garrison. They worked day and night. ? No one can make a decision alone.
Nanjing Ministry of military affairs
Yingzong acceded to the throne, although the country is not in doubt, it is a fact that the master is young. In order to strengthen the control of Nanjing, Huang Fu, Counsellor of Nanjing Ministry of War, was appointed as locomotive engineer of Xiangcheng Bolilong. The locomotive of Nanjing Counselor Chen Wen started.
Customized in the twenty-third year of Chenghua (1487), specially designed to maintain Counsellor Shang Shu of Nanjing Ministry of War. Train the army, support the people, ban thieves and promote common affairs? . The system of internal and external garrison, counsellor and minister of military affairs co-managing Nanjing affairs was established. Like other provinces at that time, they kept the middle officials, generals and civil servants. Three halls? The parallel situation is similar.
At the same time, Nanjing is also equipped with all the central organs except the Cabinet, the Governor's Office and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but many officials don't. Six departments lack left assistant ministers and Douchayuan lacks left suggestion. But imperial academy and Kodo are both officials. In this way, the establishment of officials in Nanjing can not only meet the actual needs, but also be self-contained.
compound
At that time, there were different opinions on the capital system of Ming Dynasty. Many people think that Nanjing's official department is not standardized, does not know how to make contributions, and the household department has no real connection. It is all departmental settings, which is really redundant. However, some people think that the coexistence of the two cities has solved the contradiction that Beijing can't manage the wealth in the south of the Yangtze River and Nanjing can't manage the disasters in the northwest.
It should be said that after the Ming dynasty moved its capital to Beijing, taking Nanjing as its capital played a great role in managing Jiangnan wealth and controlling the southern region; However, it is obviously excessive to say that two Beijing systems must be adopted for these purposes. Not to mention that Beijing was the capital of the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing was not the capital, and the water transportation in the south of the Yangtze River was not chaotic. Even in the Ming Dynasty, many officials in Nanjing were proved to be redundant, so many lines were cut later.
In fact, Cheng Zu moved to Beijing in the process of constantly eliminating interference and gradually shifting his political center of gravity to the north, which was not finally completed until six years of orthodoxy. However, after the change of civil engineering, some people still proposed to move the capital to Nanjing, which shows the differences on the issue of moving the capital. Because, after all, the capital of the national unified political power of the Han people has not been set in Beijing, and it has been there since the end of the Han Dynasty? Hu? The areas where Han people live together are Xiongnu and Xianbei, followed by Qidan and Jurchen.
Therefore, there are political, economic, military and other reasons for the formation of the two-Beijing system in the Ming Dynasty, as well as differences in concepts and cultures between the North and the South. Professor Zheng Kesheng, a historian of the Ming Dynasty, once elaborated on the struggle between the northern and southern landlord classes and their political agents in the Ming Dynasty, and the measures taken by the Ming government to maintain political stability, which not only coordinated their relations, but also made use of their contradictions.