France: A kingdom was established in the 5th century. /kloc-a centralized country was formed at the end of 0/5. 1789 bourgeois revolution broke out. Since then, five republics and two empires have been established. 1958 the birth of the fifth Republic. Before World War II, France was the second colonial empire after Britain, and its colonial area was 20 times that of the mainland. After the war, most French colonies became independent.

Germany: Strictly speaking, German history began in 9 19. This year, Herzogtum Von Sachsen and Henry I won the throne of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom and established the German Kingdom. After Henry I's son Otto I succeeded to the throne, in order to obtain the so-called imperial power endowed by God, in 962 AD, Pope John X was forced to crown him in Rome. He was called the "Emperor of Rome", and the German Kingdom was called the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation" and the "First German Empire" in history. The Holy Roman Empire has never been a centralized and unified country. With the growing local feudal forces, the emperor's power has been declining, forming many countries. Germany was the first country to defeat the Roman Empire. In this divided empire, the two largest countries are Prussia and Austria.