China apples are cotton apples, which were called money in ancient times. Since written records, it has a cultivation history of at least 2200 years. As a fruit tree, Shaguo has a history of about 2000 years. Begonia was cultivated later.
First, the cultivation history of Xi
It was first seen in Magnolia Officinalis written by Sima Xiangru Shang in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 125-65438+ BC 0 18). Among them, "Xi" is regarded by most scholars as the later cotton apple, which is the ancient name of China apple. According to Miscellanies of Xijing (3rd-4th century AD), all kinds of fruit trees in Shanglinyuan at that time were "when Shanglinyuan was first built, the ministers gave it different fruits from afar ..." Among them, "white, purple and green". Since we have contributed to the famous fruit, the cultivation of the origin is bound to be earlier. In the 1920s, Cao Zhi had a White Form, a Form of Thanks, and Biography of Historical Records in Huo Zhi described several kinds of fruit trees that had been mass-produced in mainland China at that time, but did not mention them. In a word, according to the change of the name and connotation of Nai since the Han Dynasty, it reflects that China Mian Apple also has a development process.
Second, the history of western apple cultivation
/kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, the sea ban was opened, a large number of western cultures were imported, and the exchange of fruit tree resources became more frequent. Apple trees were also introduced.
1, Introduction of Early Apples There are many ways to introduce early apples. Shandong is the earliest. According to Yantai local chronicles, in 186 1 year, John L.Nevius, an American Presbyterian, was sent by the Presbyterian Church to Dengzhou, Shandong Province (now Penglai City) from Shanghai. He returned to America on 1864 because his wife was ill. When Mr. and Mrs. Ni returned to Yantai in 187 1, they brought western apples, pears, American grapes, European plums and sweet cherries and planted them in the southeast foothills of Yuhuangding, Yantai, and named them "Guangxing Orchard".
2. Introduction and production of apples in the first half of 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, apples in Liaoning and Shandong developed rapidly. 1909 The largest apple orchard in Lushun (later changed to Lushun Farm) includes 96 Guoguang and 550 Japanese tapestries. After the Russo-Japanese War, after the lease rights of Lushun and Dalian were transferred to Japan, 1909 established a nursery in Xiong Yue (19 13 was changed into an agricultural experimental field), and some main varieties were introduced from Japan. 19 10 introduced sunflower, Zhuguang and XuHe Guoguang. During the period of1914-1921year, three varieties such as Yuyue were introduced.
3. During the recovery period of 1950- 1952 apple production, the state adopted a series of recuperation policies, supported agricultural production, granted interest-free loans to fruit tree production, and reduced the fruit industry tax. At the same time, technical guidance institutions for fruit trees were established in key fruit areas, and fruit marketing was organized through supply and marketing cooperatives, which increased the income of fruit farmers and promoted the recovery of fruit industry. In the old apple producing areas, the remaining old apple trees were quickly restored, the main pests and diseases were effectively controlled, and the first batch of state-owned horticultural farms (mainly northern apples) began to be established, and the output rebounded rapidly.
4. The rise of apple industry in 1950s and 1960s. Since 1953, the movement of rural mutual aid and cooperation in China has risen, which has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to develop production. 1955, the Ministry of Agriculture put forward the idea of "focusing on mutual assistance and cooperation, vigorously improving the yield and quality of existing fruit trees, and actively expanding new orchards to mountainous areas and barren hills in a planned way". All new orchards will be exempted from agricultural tax, and the purchase and sale work will be improved accordingly.
5. Establishment and development of commodity bases Since 1985, due to the quick return of apple investment and high efficiency, all other regions except Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan and Shanghai have taken the development of apple production as an important means to develop mountainous areas, get rid of poverty or accumulate funds to support agricultural production, especially Shaanxi Province, where 25 high-quality apple base counties have been established. From 1992, the annual output reached 8.429× 105t, second only to Shandong and Liaoning. 1993 surpassed Liaoning and ranked second in the country. Area and output of provinces in China from 65438 to 0995.