Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China
Hakkas are called "China Gypsies", not only because they are immigrants, but also because they are talented and have created a long culture. Meizhou, a national historical and cultural city, is a distribution center for modern Hakkas and is known as the "Hakka Capital".
Meizhou is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, at the southern foot of Wuling Mountain, at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, bordering Wuping, Shanghang, Yongding and Pinghe counties in Fujian Province in the northeast, Xunwu county in Jiangxi Province in the northwest, Longchuan and Zijin counties in Heyuan City, Guangdong Province in the west, Luhe County, Rongcheng District and Jiexi County in Shanwei City in the southwest and south, and Chaoan County and Jiexi County in Chaozhou City in the southeast. It governs six counties including Meijiang District, Meixian County, Jiaoling County, dapu county, Fengshun County, Wuhua County and peace county, and 1 belongs to xingning city.
There are few mountains in Meizhou, and there is a saying that "eight mountains, one water and one field". Area 1.58 million square kilometers, population over 5 million. Meizhou is a national historical and cultural city, with the reputation of "hometown of culture, hometown of overseas Chinese and hometown of football" and is famous for its developed culture and education.
Meizhou has a long history. From the Southern Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty and then to Meizhou, the Qing Dynasty set up Jiaying House in Zhili. 1949, Xingmei District was established in June, 5438+00, merged into Shantou District in August, 1952, Meixian District was established in June, 5438+0965, and later changed to Meixian District, which was transformed into Meizhou City in June, 5438+0988. Meizhou is now one of the famous historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council.
Meizhou mountain area has mild climate, rich resources, magnificent mountains and rivers, four seasons of green mountains, beautiful scenery, outstanding people, numerous historical sites and unique cultural landscape. Meizhou is the largest Hakka settlement in China and the famous "Hakka Capital". The so-called "Hakka" is relative to the "aborigines". The ancestors of Hakkas are Han people in the Central Plains. Due to the war and famine, they gradually moved to the south, forming a "Hakka" ethnic group. Hakka Dragon House, Han opera, Han tune music and Hakka folk songs all show the charm of ancient Central Plains culture. Guangdong Hakka dialect is mainly popular in the northeast and northern Guangdong, and now Meizhou, Heyuan, Shaoguan and Qingyuan. Hakka dialect is represented by Meixian Hakka dialect.
Meizhou is rich in tourism resources. The main scenic spots are Lingguang Temple, Yinna and Wu Zhifeng, which were built in the Tang Dynasty. There are also the footprints of Wen Tianxiang, Han Yu, Huang Zunxian's former residence, Qiu's former residence and Ye Jianying's former residence. 1965, when Mr. Guo Moruo visited Meizhou, he left a poem praising "the origin of cultural relics is first-class".
In recent years, based on the "three high agriculture" and ecological agriculture, Yannan Feicha Tourism Resort, Meiyan Spirulina Breeding Base, Huayin Reclamation Farm, and Songkou Wanmu Forest and Fruit Base have been newly opened. There is also Fengshun Hot Spring Tourist Resort built by exploiting local natural resources.
Meizhou embodies mountain rhyme, water rhyme, flower rhyme and tea rhyme, which can be described as endless charm.
Meizhou's characteristic flavor products include Meizhou Shatian pomelo, Xingning Longtian longan, Wuhua improved variety litchi and Li Tao fruit. Native products include Xingning brush, pearl red wine and handicrafts such as wood carving, bamboo weaving and stone carving.
Hakka cuisine, also known as Dongjiang cuisine, is a branch of Cantonese cuisine, which is characterized by multi-purpose meat, few aquatic vegetables, prominent main ingredients, simple shape, rich flavor and "fragrant and fat". Casserole dishes are well done. The famous dishes in Hakka banquets mainly include stuffed tofu, brine chicken, braised pork with plum, whole duck in Babaowo, braised pork with crystal, meatballs, boiled fish with clear water and vinegar fish.
physical geography
Location, Scope and Region Meizhou City is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, bordering Wuping, Shanghang, Yongding and Pinghe counties in Fujian Province in the northeast, Xunwu, Huichang County in Jiangxi Province and Longchuan, Zijin and Dongyuan County in Heyuan City in the west and northwest, and Jiedong, Jiexi, Xiangqiao District, Luhe County and Raoping County in Chaozhou City in the southeast. The geographical coordinates of the whole territory are located at east longitude 1 15. 18' to 1 16. 23 degrees 56 minutes north latitude. 23 feet to 24 feet. 56', the city's total area 15899.62 square kilometers.
The city governs six counties and 1 districts in Meijiang District, Meixian County, Pingyuan County, Jiaoling County, dapu county County, Fengshun County and Wuhua County, and also manages xingning city. The municipal government is located in Xinzhong Road, Jiangnan, Meijiang District. Meizhou Expressway is 384 kilometers away from Guangzhou and 345 kilometers away from Shenzhen. Meizhou Highway is 434 kilometers away from Guangzhou, 398 kilometers away from Shenzhen and 0/9/0/km away from Shantou. There are flights from civil aviation to Guangzhou, and the air distance is 3 16 km.
Geology, Topography and Geomorphology The geological structure of Meizhou City is quite complicated, which is mainly composed of granite, extrusive rock, metamorphic rock, sand shale, red rock and limestone, forming five landform types: platform, hill, mountain, terrace and plain. The mountainous area of the city accounts for 24.3%; The area of hills, terraces and terraces accounts for 56.6%; The plain area only accounts for about 13.7%; Rivers, reservoirs and other water areas account for 5.4%.
The mountains in the territory are arranged in an orderly way, consisting of three mountains from northeast to southwest and three mountains from northwest to southeast or north and south. From northeast to southwest, the three main mountain ranges are Qimuzhang-Tortoise Mountain-Yangtianzhang-Xiangshan Zhang, Shiliaozhang-Liwangzhang-Zhang Hongtu-Jiulong Zhang-Tongguzhang. The main peak in Meizhou is Tonggu Peak, with an altitude of1560m. Xiangshan Zan, altitude1530m; Phoenix Mountain, elevation1497m; Seven eyes are1318m; Wu Zhifeng, Yin Na1297m; Yu Mingshan1245m; Hongtuyu1277m; Xiyan Mountain1230m; Huang You pen 1 150m.
The main basins in the territory are Xingning Basin, with an area of 302 square kilometers; Meijiang basin, with an area of 1 10 km2; Jiaoling basin, with an area of 100 km2; Tangkeng basin area 100 km2.
The main river in China is Hanjiang River, with a total length of 470 kilometers and a drainage area of 30 1 12 square kilometers. Meijiang, with a total length of 307 kilometers and a drainage area of 13929 square kilometers; Tingjiang River, Chengjiang River, Grottoes River, Meitan River, Song Yuan River and Fengliang River. In addition, Dongjiang River flows along the junction of xingning city in the northwest of the city and Longchuan County in Heyuan City, with a length of 24.8 kilometers in Meizhou.
Climate Meizhou belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate zone, which is the transition zone between the southern subtropical zone and the central Asian tropical climate zone. Plain, Jiaoling and Meixian are the southern edge of the tropical climate zone in Central Asia, while Wuhua, Fengshun, Xingning, Tai Po, Heping, Jiaoling and Meixian are the tropical climate zones in southern South Asia. This special terrain is located at low latitude, close to the South China Sea, the Pacific Ocean and mountains, forming a climate with long summer and short winter, high temperature, great disparity in cold potential, abundant sunshine, blocked airflow and abundant and concentrated rainfall.
The annual average temperature is 20.6-2 1.4℃, and the highest temperature in July is 28.3-28.6℃. /kloc-the lowest temperature in October is1.1-1.3℃. The extreme high temperature 19765438+39.5℃ and the extreme low temperature 1955 12-7.3℃ in Meixian on July 25th, 0.
The annual average sunshine value is1714.6-2010.5 hours, the annual sunshine percentage is 41-47%, and the annual solar radiation is 5 125 MJ/m2 and 4652 MJ/m2.
The average annual rainfall is about 150 days, and the average annual rainfall is between1483.4-1798.4 mm. Because of the mountainous areas, the impact of typhoons is less than that of coastal plains. However, the rainstorm and precipitation brought by typhoons often lead to flash floods, landslides and river flooding, and floods become the main disasters. At the same time, cold dew wind, low temperature, rain and drought are also one of the main natural disasters.
The development of history
The establishment of administrative divisions at the local level in Meizhou began in the third year of Southern Han Dynasty (945), that is, the second year of the late Jin Dynasty, and the township was promoted to Jingzhou, leading the township and county. In the fourth year of Song Kaibao (97 1), Jingzhou was changed to Meizhou to avoid Song Taizu's grandfather Zhao Jingzhi. In the sixth year of Xining (1073), the abandoned Meizhou moved to Chengxiang County, belonging to Chaozhou Prefecture. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), he moved to Meizhou, where he led the township and county, belonging to Guangnan East Road. In the sixth year of Shaoxing (1 136), the abandoned Meizhou was re-established as Chengxiang County, which belonged to Huzhou. In the fourteenth year of Shaoxing, Meizhou was restored, and it still leads to townships and counties, belonging to Guangnan East Road. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (1279), Meizhou was promoted to the governor's office of Meizhou Road, and in the 23rd year of Yuan Dynasty, it was restored to Meizhou, leading the township and county, belonging to the Ministry of Guangdong Daoxuan in Jiangxi Province. Meizhou belonged to Chaozhou Road in Zhenyuan (1295) and was changed to Xuanwei Division of Guangdong Road in Zhili five years (13 18). In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), the abandoned Meizhou moved to Chengxiang County, which belonged to Chaozhou Prefecture in Guangdong Province. In the 11th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1733), Cheng Xiang was upgraded to Jiaying House in Zhili, which governed Xingning, Changle, Pingyuan and Zhenping counties. Chengxiang County, which belongs to this county, was once called "Jiaying Five Genus" and directly belongs to Guangdong Province. In the 12th year of Jiaqing (1807), Jiaying satrap was promoted to Jiaying satrap. Jiaqing became Jiaying County in seventeen years, and still led Xingning, Changle, Pingyuan and Zhenping counties. In the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), Jiaying County was renamed Meizhou. In the third year of the Republic of China (19 14), the state government system was abolished and Meizhou was renamed Meixian.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Xingmei District was established in June 1949+00, and on October 26th, 1950/kloc-0, the State Council issued a document to establish Xingmei Administrative Supervision Department, which governs Meixian, Xingning, Wuhua, Tai Po, Fengshun, Jiaoling and Pingyuan. At the end of 1952, Xingmei District was abolished, and Xingmei 7 counties were placed under the administrative region of eastern Guangdong. 1February, 956, the administrative divisions of eastern Guangdong were Huiyang and Shantou, and Xingmei 7 counties were subordinate to Shantou.
Meixian District was established in July, 1965. The original Xingmei 7 counties were separated from Shantou area and belonged to Meixian area, which was later changed to Meixian area. 1 in March, 979, Meizhou Town under Meixian County was upgraded from district level to county level Meizhou City, and Meixian County governed seven counties,1city. 1 In June, 983, after the merger of Meizhou City and Meixian County, Meixian County was changed from 7 counties 1 city to 6 counties1city.
1988 65438+ 10, Guangdong implemented the system of city governing counties, and Meixian district was changed to Meizhou city (officially listed in March), which governed the original 7 counties of Xingmei and Meijiang district of newly designated county-level district, * * 7 counties 1 district. 1 In June, 1994, Xingning County was abolished to set up a city (county level), and Meizhou City administered six counties, namely1District, and hosted xingning city.
General situation of Hakka capital
Meizhou city is located in the northeast of Guangdong province, at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, with a total area of 15800 square kilometers. It has jurisdiction over Meijiang District, xingning city, Meixian County, Pingyuan County, Jiaoling County, dapu county County, Fengshun County and Wuhua County, with a population of more than 5 million. In the third year of Ganhe in the Southern Han Dynasty (AD 945), Jingzhou was changed to Meizhou in the fourth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 97 1 year). After 1949, Xingmei area and Meixian area were set up, and 1988 Meixian area was changed to Meizhou. It has a history of 1000 years. Meizhou is the hometown of Marshal Ye Jianying, with many celebrities. Lingnan wizards in Qianlong and Jiaqing years, diplomat and educator Huang Zunxian in the late Qing Dynasty, anti-Japanese star, outstanding poet and educator Qiu, famous westernization sportsman, strategist, one of China's four great bibliophiles, famous patriotic overseas Chinese leader and modern Asian ball king were all from Meizhou. Since 2003, Meizhou has fully implemented the development strategy of "opening Meizhou, industrial Meizhou, ecological Meizhou and cultural Meizhou", which has effectively promoted the development of mountain economy. In 2004, the city's GDP was 2.710.64 billion yuan, an increase of10.3% over the previous year, the highest in ten years. The primary, secondary and tertiary industries increased by 3. 1%, 1.2% and 1. 1.4% respectively. General budget revenue 1 0.249 billion yuan, breaking through the mark of1100 million yuan for the first time, with an increase of 36.5%.
In the work of developing mountain economy, the Meizhou Municipal Party Committee and the government attach great importance to the development of tourism, positioning tourism as the pillar industry of the tertiary industry, and specially issued a series of policies and measures such as "Several Opinions on Accelerating Tourism Development" and "Meizhou Tourism Management Regulations", which promoted the rapid development of the city's tourism industry, and Meizhou's tourism industry has great potential and sufficient stamina. In 2004, the city received 26.865438 million domestic and foreign tourists, and the total tourism revenue was 2.836 billion yuan, up 34.6% and 43.4% respectively. Tourism has become a new bright spot in the city's economic development.
Meizhou has a distinctive tourism image and outstanding characteristics. Relying on the advantages of Hakka cultural resources and ecological hot spring resources, Meizhou clearly takes "shaping the Hakka capital of the world, creating fine Hakka cultural products, hot spring leisure specialties, landscape leisure and holiday famous products" as its tourism development orientation, and has formed Hakka cultural landscape leisure and holiday tourism products represented by Yannan Feichatian Resort and Yanming Lake Tourism Resort, and hot spring leisure and holiday tourism products represented by Wuhua Tanghu Hot Spring Mud Bath Villa and Fengshun Qianjiang Hot Spring Hotel. At the same time, taking "creating excellence" as an opportunity, our city has made great efforts to strengthen the modern tourism function of the city and enhance the city's taste, and built the "one river and two banks" highlight project, two performance venues (places for tourists to perform in the daytime and at night), three centers (international conference center, convention center and tourist consultation service center) and four streets (Hongdu Food Street, Feng Ling Road Hakka Shopping Street and Yihua Road Pedestrian Street, etc.). A number of urban tourist toilets have been rebuilt and built, and the urban streets have realized the "five modernizations" (greening, purification, beautification, lighting and hard bottoming), which has made Meizhou more perfect in urban functions, more convenient in transportation, more harmonious in environment, fresher in air, easier in employment and more suitable for starting a business, and shaped the image of a tourist city that is "dependent on mountains and rivers and harmonious and unified between man and nature".
At present, there are 2 national 4A-level tourist attractions, 2 provincial-level tourist resorts, 2 provincial-level scenic spots, 4 provincial-level nature reserves, 24 national cultural relics protection units 1, and 2 provincial-level cultural relics protection units, which are being declared as 3A-level scenic spots. Among them, Yannanfei Tea Field Resort, Wuhua Tanghu Hot Mine Mud Villa, Wuzhishi, Changtan and Pankeng are listed as 65,438 scenic spots for holiday and leisure in Guangdong Province, while Ye Shuai's former residence, Dragon Whale River rafting and Shen Guang are listed as sightseeing 100 scenic spots.
General situation of tourism
Meizhou is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, with a total area of 1.58 million square kilometers. It governs Meijiang District, xingning city, Meixian County, Pingyuan County, Jiaoling County, dapu county County, Fengshun County and Wuhua County, with a total population of 5 million, of which 97% are Hakkas. It is the largest Hakka settlement in the world and enjoys the title of "Hakka Capital of the World". Meizhou is a national historical and cultural city, an excellent tourist city in China and the hometown of Marshal Ye Jianying. At the same time, Meizhou enjoys the reputation as the hometown of Hakka food in China, golden pomelo in China, tea in Dan Cong, China, culture, overseas Chinese, football and folk songs.
Meizhou has a long history, many scenic spots and historical sites, rich products, outstanding people and beautiful scenery. There are two national 4A-level tourist areas and national agricultural tourism demonstration sites in the city: Yannanfei Tea Farm Resort with tea culture as the theme, and Yanming Lake Tourism Resort with southern medicine culture and health care as one; There are 2 national 3A-level tourist areas: Wuhua County's unique hot spring mud bath Tanghu hot mine mud villa, and the Wuzhishi scenic spot in Danxia landform plain, which is known as the "five wonders"; National Red Tourism Classic Scenic Spot 1 piece: the former residence and memorial hall of Marshal Ye Jianying; 1 National Forest Park: xingning city Shen Guang Tourist Area. There are also 2 provincial scenic spots, 2 provincial tourist resorts and 55 scenic spots. There are also quaint and elegant Hakka dwellings, earth enclosed buildings, beautiful Hakka folk songs, unique Hakka cuisine and colorful Hakka specialties. These tourism resources and tourism products all show the charm of Hakka cultural characteristics and interweave the colorful Hakka world. There are 29 travel agencies in the city, including 3 international travel agencies and 26 domestic travel agencies. There are 26 star-rated hotels, including 3 four-star, 3-star 10 and 2-star 13. The six elements of travel, transportation, food, housing, entertainment and shopping are properly matched, which can provide one-stop quality service for tourists at home and abroad. Today, Meizhou has a well-connected transportation network, with regular direct flights to Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and several trains from Guangzhou-Meizhou Railway and Meikan Railway stop in urban and rural areas every day. The expressway connects Guangzhou and Shenzhen in the west and Jieyang and Chaoshan in the south. It takes only 4-5 hours to drive from Meihe Expressway to Meizhou in the Pearl River Delta region, and you can enjoy a relaxing and pleasant trip, which is completely suitable for short-term tours, weekend leisure tours and go on road trip. Meizhou has more than 6 million mu of ecological public welfare forest, and the forest coverage rate is 7 1%. Beautiful mountains and rivers, lush trees and fresh air. It is really a natural oxygen bar, plus some high-grade hot spring resources and high-quality mountain water, forming an elegant natural ecological environment. Many scenic spots and tourist resorts built on this basis are the best places for tourists to appreciate nature, return to nature, get close to nature, visit and relax. Visit the spiritual homes of Hakka people all over the world, feel the profound Hakka culture, experience the magical hot springs of fitness, enjoy the pure and beautiful green mountains and green waters-the world Hakka capital, leisure Meizhou, and welcome friends with warm arms!
natural resource
Mineral resources Meizhou city has discovered 48 kinds of minerals and more than 530 mineral deposits (points). Metals include iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, bismuth, molybdenum, silver, antimony, vanadium, titanium, cobalt and rare earth oxides, while nonmetals include coal, limestone, porcelain clay, gypsum, marble and potash feldspar. Among them, coal reserves are 270 million tons, accounting for the second place in the province; Iron and manganese reserves account for 20% and 30% of the province respectively. Limestone and porcelain clay are widely distributed and rich in reserves.
Water resources Meizhou city is rich in water resources and has a considerable amount of transit water. The average annual rainfall in China is 25.03 billion cubic meters, the average annual runoff is 65.438+0.287 billion cubic meters, and the water production (including water production and transit water in this city) is 25.97 billion cubic meters, of which the transit water is 65.438+0.31100 million cubic meters. The city's per capita water consumption is 27 18 cubic meters, and the average water consumption per mu of cultivated land is 6363 cubic meters. The theoretical power generation of hydraulic resources in China is1206,500 kwh. There are many hot springs in China, with high water temperature and large water volume, such as Tangkeng Dengwu Hot Spring in Fengshun, where the water temperature is as high as 80-90℃ and the flow rate reaches 4459 liters/second.
Animal resources Meizhou city has many mountains and wild animals. There are more than 200 species of major mammals and birds with great economic value, and more than 65,438+000 species of amphibians and reptiles.
There are more than 2,000 species of higher plants in Meizhou, of which 1.084 species have been collected and recorded, belonging to 1.82 family and 598 genera. Among them, pteridophytes belong to 19 families, 29 genera and 4 1 species. Fruit plants belong to 7 families 1 1 genus 14 species; Dicotyledonous plants belong to 134 family, 47 1 genus, with 908 species; There are 22 families, 87 genera 12 1 species of monocotyledons. According to the classification of tree species, there are useful wood plants, medicinal plants, oil plants, aromatic plants, fiber plants, starch plants, fruit plants, honey plants, tanning plants, and wild plants belonging to flowers, ornamental plants and landscaping.
Tourism resources Meizhou has beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. There are many famous temples, cultural relics, celebrities' former residences, hot spring waterfalls and beautiful lakes and mountains. Since the reform and opening up, enthusiastic people at home and abroad have donated a number of pavilions, repaired many famous temples and historical sites, and added accommodation and amusement facilities. The main tourist areas (spots) in the territory are: Lingguang Temple of Yinnashan, the Millennium Ancient Temple, the former residence and memorial hall of Marshal Ye Jianying, the former residence of patriotic poet and politician Huang Zunxian in the late Qing Dynasty, Thousand Buddha Pagoda, Pankeng Waterfall, Yanming Lake in Meixian County, Yannanfei Tourist Resort, Yinnashan Astronomical Science and Technology Park, Wangshou Mountain in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Heshui Lake Mountain in Xingning, Shen Guang, Wuhua Tang Yi Reservoir, Hot Mine Mud Villa and so on.