(1) processing method.
According to the processing methods, the commonly used mechanical processing technologies and related technologies in ancient times are:
(1) Hot working process refers to the process of heating the processed material above the recrystallization temperature, so that its mechanical properties change greatly (for example, the metal material becomes soft at high temperature, even becomes liquid), thus forming, such as casting, forging, welding, heat treatment and various surface treatment processes.
(2) Cold working technology refers to the processing method at room temperature in ancient mechanical processing technology. In ancient times, cold working began with making stone tools and gradually developed into cutting, drilling, polishing and grinding stones, wood, bones and metals.
③ Measurement methods, including the development of measurement tools and measurement management, reflect the scale and level of the development of mechanical manufacturing technology to a certain extent.
(2) Materials used.
The materials used in processing reflect the technological level at that time and have great influence on the product performance. In ancient times, non-metallic materials such as stone, wood and bone gradually developed into various metallic materials.
(3) Power used.
In ancient times, mechanical processing was mainly driven by human and animal power, and then gradually developed into hydraulic, wind, thermal and elastic power.
(4) Processed products.
Ancient mechanical processing was first to meet the needs of life and production. Most products are instruments and tools used in life and production, but most of these instruments are made of wood and have not been handed down. According to a large number of ancient craft crystals (many of which are ritual vessels) and weapons unearthed, we can appreciate the development level of mechanical technology at that time.
(5) Processing equipment and development scale.
Most machining processes need a certain design to realize. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the ancient machining equipment and its development scale for understanding the development level of ancient technology. In the development of ancient machining technology, the above aspects are interrelated and mutually promoted. Only by fully grasping the information about ancient machining technology and making a comprehensive comparative analysis can we understand the development of ancient machining technology more accurately.
In order to survive and resist the invasion of other wild animals in nature, human beings first learned to make and use tools. Prehistoric processing objects are basically nonmetals, and tools are made of stones, wood, bones, mussels and so on. The motive force used is manpower. According to the analysis, an original cutting process already has three basic elements: cutter (cutter with cutting edge) and processed object (wood, bone, etc.). ) and cutting movement (people hold the tool and the processed object with their hands and make them produce certain force and relative movement). The invention of cutting tools and the application of cutting processing are of great significance in the history of human development. The discovery and application of knife and fire are two great inventions of mankind. The key point of human understanding of knife lies in the blade. As can be seen from Figure 2-3, the sharpness and smoothness of the blade are constantly improving, indicating the improvement of human understanding and the development of manufacturing technology. Stone was mainly used as a cutting tool in the Paleolithic Age, but in the Yangshao culture period of the Neolithic Age, with the development of agriculture, more tools were needed, so tools made of bones and jade were further developed.
Figure 2-3 Tools In the Stone Age at that time, there were two ways to make stone tools: beating and polishing. The cutter cuts natural gravel without trimming, and rarely processes other parts except the cutting edge. In the Paleolithic Age, there were generally no finishing steps. Abrasive tools can be roughly divided into the following processing steps: (1) blank-making, that is, cutting stone chips from gravel, or rubbing and cutting with wood boards soaked in sand and water, so that the tools are initially formed; (2) Grinding, which can be divided into two steps: rough grinding and fine grinding. Coarse sand or fine sand dipped in water grinding, unearthed stone knives have grinding marks; (3) Fine grinding of blades, that is, grinding one or both surfaces of the blades into inclined blades; (4) Drill holes, and rotate them manually with wooden sticks stained with sand and water. Some holes are particularly neat, maybe an arch is added to the stick to speed up the rotation. For the convenience of grinding, two surfaces can be drilled, and grooves can be made before drilling to ensure that the holes of the two surfaces are aligned.
Fig. 2-3(e) shows several combined structure cutters made of different materials. Fix it on the wooden arrow shaft with a wooden arrow with a rope. In order to fix firmly, the arrow shaft is provided with a slot, and the arrow is put into the slot. The rest are dagger with stone blade and bone handle and knife with embedded bone handle.