The common people couldn't eat, so they rose up in succession, and ten peasant rebels, such as Greenwood, Red Eyebrow and Copper Horse, suddenly appeared. Liu Xiu followed his brother Ada and took advantage of the situation. In history, their brothers' military forces were called Fuling Army.
Wang Mang's thought should never have appeared at that time, because his thought was completely out of touch with the social productive forces and development level at that time. Wang Mang himself was born in a famous family and received a closed Confucian education since childhood. It is absolutely abnormal for a feudal society to have Wang Mang, so many people in later generations call Wang Mang a traveler.
In the Great National Festival in 2000, Re-evaluating Emperor Wang Mang, the ancestor of Utopia. Hu Shi, a great nationalist in the Republic of China, once commented on Wang Mang: Wang Mang was the first socialist in China. He believed that Wang Mang's reform had three major policies: state-owned land, equal production and abolition of slavery.
Wang Mang has been wronged 1900 years, and there is still no fair evaluation. His famous family, Wang Anshi, was reviled for a while, but someone has rehabilitated her. However, as a great politician, Wang Mang's courage and skill far exceed Wang Anshi's. Sadly, such a diligent person was born to do nothing, to be equal to others, and to suppress both, and finally died on the chopping block.
Liu Xiu, the son of an airplane: Because from the beginning of Liu Xiu's battle to the later capture of the world, this process is full of many incredible things.
In A.D. 10, Liu Xiu also participated in the uprising under the impetus of the uprising wave. At the beginning of the uprising, due to the limited initial capital, Liu Xiu's army was pitiful and poorly equipped. Even Liu Xiu rode a cow himself, so Liu Xiu chose to seek development together with Ada, a son preference brother. The following year, Liu Xuan was made emperor by the main generals of the outlaw hero, and the city was built in Jianyuan. Liu named Fu and Tai General.
The equipment of Fuling army in the early stage was particularly poor. Liu Xiu didn't even have a horse, so he rode an ox, so later generations called Liu Xiu "the founding emperor on the back of an ox". In order to strengthen their own power, Liu Xiu brothers joined hands with outlaws, but outlaws made Liu Xuan, who was also an imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, emperor and established a "new stove".
Although Ada and others are very upset, they dare not attack. After learning that the alternative regime was established, Wang Mang ordered Wang Yi and Wang Xun to lead 420,000 elite soldiers to attack Kunyang and Wancheng, trying to wipe out the alternative regime in one fell swoop. Then the "Battle of Kunyang" broke out, which is also the main reason why people called Liu Xiu "the son of an airplane".
At that time, Wang Yi and Wang Xun were under siege, but there were only 9,000 defenders in Kunyang, which scared everyone to run away, but Liu Xiu stepped forward and urged everyone to work together with Qi Xin to defend Kunyang to the death. Due to the shortage of troops in Kunyang, Liu Xiu fled with 13 people overnight to gather troops.
When Liu Xiu assembled more than 10,000 troops in Dingling and Yancheng to rescue Kunyang, Kunyang had been surrounded by the enemy for ten floors. However, Liu Xiu still led the death squads to charge. Liu Xiu is usually very quiet. When everyone sees that he is so brave now, they can't help but feel high morale. But the enemy's strength is too great, and no matter how brave he is, he will throw eggs at the stone and send his head in vain. However, a miracle happened. According to the biography of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty:
"There are meteors falling in the camp at night, and there are clouds like bad mountains during the day. When they were in the camp, they fell, but they were not as good as the rulers, and all the officials were tired. " At that time, Wang Yi's army barracks were hit by meteors at night, and there were huge mushroom clouds overhead during the day, which made the army uneasy. At this time, although there are many of them, they can't help but feel scared when they see Liu Xiu so brave. Just played a game with Liu Xiu,
"There will be thunder and lightning, the roof will fly, the rain will be like a note, the dream will overflow, the tiger and leopard will fight, and the foot soldiers will fight for it. There will be thousands of drowning people, and the water will not flow. " There was thunder, strong wind and heavy rain, and the army collapsed at once. In this battle, Liu Xiu killed Wang Xun and wiped out Wang Mang's main force. Soon, Wang Mang's new dynasty fell.
"The Battle of Kunyang" is a famous battle in China, in which fewer people win more. All kinds of strange celestial phenomena are talked about by later generations, and they are called Liu Xiu's "meteorology", "thunder and lightning" and "rainstorm", so Liu Xiu became the "son of the plane" in everyone's mouth.
Of course, this is a joke. Liu Xiu can succeed without personal efforts. He is a very attractive figure. If we make a list of the word-of-mouth of ancient emperors, Liu Xiu will certainly be among the best. It is not surprising that such an excellent person has succeeded.
After Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he took a series of measures to benefit the people, which was called "Wang Mang's restructuring" in history.
In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 9), it was announced that the world field was changed to Wang Tian, and the private field was changed to Wang Tian; Handmaiden changed its name to private, farmland, and it was forbidden to buy or sell. Later, the monetary system and official system were reformed, stipulating that salt and iron were run by officials and mountains and rivers were nationalized; At the same time, rest with the people. From now on, civilians are safe.
Since the end of the Han Dynasty, political corruption, extravagance of the imperial court, local exploitation and exploitation, coupled with a large number of land annexation by powerful landlords, have led to people's displacement, poverty, economic depression, floating people's hearts and intensified political crisis. Since Wang Mang came to power, in order to win the hearts of the people, he has adopted a series of policies to ease social contradictions, but he has never fundamentally solved the problem.
Wang Mang believes in Confucianism. He believes that only when the world returns to the era of rites before Confucius declared that "rites collapse and music breaks down" can political integrity and harmony be realized. Therefore, after Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he tried to realize his idea of governing the country and keeping the country safe by restoring ancient ways to the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so he imitated the system of the Zhou Dynasty and began to implement the New Deal, which was called "Wang Mang's restructuring" in history.
In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Mang announced the following policies: changing the world field to' Wang Tian' and restoring the well field system under the name of Wang Tian system; Handmaiden changed its name to' private', and Wang Tian was not allowed to buy or sell. Later, the currency system was changed many times, and the official system and official name were changed. Salt, iron, wine, coins and mountains and rivers were nationalized.
However, because these policies only seek retro, many of them are contrary to the actual situation, and the means and methods are incorrect when they are implemented. After fierce opposition, they tried to enforce it through harsh laws, so that countless governors, officials and even ordinary people were severely punished for violating laws and regulations, which aggravated social unrest.
The people suffer first and then benefit, and the policies are constantly changing, which makes the officials of the people at a loss, thus leading to the dissatisfaction of all the powerful people in the world.
At the end of the new dynasty, the country was divided and the world was in chaos, and Liu Xiu, a Han civilian, took advantage of Nanyang County. In the third year of rehabilitation (25 years), Liu Xiu openly broke with the rehabilitation regime and proclaimed himself emperor in Chiaki Minami Pavilion in Xiang County. In order to show Liu's revival, he still takes "Han" as his country name, which is called "Eastern Han" in history.
After 12 years of unified war, Liu Xiu eliminated the separatist forces in Kanto, Longyou and Xishu successively, ending the warlord melee and separatist situation that lasted for nearly 20 years since the end of Xinmang.
In his thirty-three years in office, Liu Xiu carried out political reform of the central official position, rectified the official atmosphere, streamlined the structure, and gave preferential treatment to the heroes. Liberate productive forces economically, recuperate and develop the economy vigorously; Culturally, carry forward Confucianism and respect honesty. The Eastern Han Dynasty was also praised by later historians as "the most beautiful and prosperous period of Confucianism" (Sima Guang and Liang Qichao) in the history of China.
On the fifth day of February in the second year of Jianwu Zhongyuan (57 years), Liu Xiu died in the front hall of Nangong at the age of 62. After Liu Xiu's death, his son Liu Zhuang succeeded to the throne. On the fifth day of March of the same year, Liu Xiu was buried in the original mausoleum, and went there with the temple name of Shi-zu and posthumous title Guangwudi, who was later called Guangwudi.
Liu Xiu is an enlightened monarch in the history of China. Facing the broken social situation in Broken Wall Jiangshan, he was diligent in national politics, reformed and developed, and finally restored and developed the Eastern Han Dynasty in a scorched earth ruins.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Wang Mang
Baidu Encyclopedia-Liu Xiu