Among them, the United States carried out six manned missions to the moon in the Apollo program. Soviet Luna 2 hit the moon in September 1959, and was the first probe to land on the moon. American Apollo 1 1 successfully landed on the moon on July 1969, and astronauts neil armstrong and buzz aldrin became the first humans to land on the moon in history.
French novelist jules verne's 1865 science fiction From the Earth to the Moon is one of the earliest concepts about landing on the moon. The last time the United States left the surface of the moon was in 1972 and 12 years. So far, it is the only country that successfully carried out the mission to the moon. 2019 65438+1On October 3rd, China Chang 'e IV landed on the other side of the moon for the first time. Before that, all soft landings were made on the front of the moon.
I. Unmanned landing
1959, the Soviet moon 1 failed to land on the moon. Later that year, the Soviet Union made its first unpowered hard landing with the Lunar 2 spacecraft. Since then, from 1966 to 1976, a total of 12 Soviet and American spacecraft have made soft landings with braking rockets and conducted scientific research on the surface of the moon. 1966, the Soviet lunar 9 made its first soft landing and took the first photo of the lunar surface.
After that, NASA implemented the Surveyor Plan from 1966 to 1968, and launched seven robotic spacecraft to land on the surface of the moon. Its main purpose is to test the feasibility of lunar soft landing. 1On September 24th, 970, the Soviet Union realized the first lunar soil sampling return by using the lunar 16 detector.
On March 1 2009, China's lunar orbiter Chang 'e-1 crashed on the surface of the moon. 20 13 12 14, Chang 'e III made a soft landing. Its successor Chang 'e IV made a soft landing on the back of the moon on October 3, 20 19/KLOC-0.
Second, manned landing on the moon
Twelve men landed on the moon. 1within 4 1 month from July 20th, 969, there were 6 NASA missions, and two people landed on the moon through the Apollo lunar module each time.
Neil armstrong and Joshua Wilkes-Paul first boarded Apollo 1 1. Cernan and Apollo 1972 14 65438 were the last people to land on the moon so far in February. Cernan was the last man to leave the surface of the moon.
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Scientific and technological influence
The Apollo moon landing program cost a lot, which not only sent people to the moon, but also triggered progress in other scientific and technological fields, bringing great changes to today.
For example, American electrical appliance manufacturer Black &；; Dacker introduced a radio drill in 196 1, and then got an order from NASA to develop a special electric drill to collect samples in space. In the process of research and development, the company also developed the world's first wireless vacuum cleaner, 1979.
The Apollo program requires extremely high precision in time, and a fraction of a second is enough to decide the life and death of astronauts. Therefore, craftsmen have developed quartz clocks with an annual error of only one minute to make them more punctual.
The water purification device of silver ion technology used by astronauts in space makes the water cleaner. This technology is widely used to purify fountains and swimming pools.
1967, Apollo 1 caught fire during training, and three astronauts were killed. Later, NASA developed fire-resistant textile fabrics, and this technology was also promoted worldwide, benefiting firefighters, multiple sclerosis patients and horses.
In the process of studying microcircuit technology, NASA came across the design inspiration of implantable cardiac defibrillator. This technology can really be used under the skin of patients, which is a life-saving gospel for patients with high incidence of arrhythmia.
Other technologies, such as the freeze-drying technology of space diet, produced instant food and space blankets to protect the lunar module from high temperature, and gave birth to life-saving blankets, which were mainly used for disaster relief and humanitarian relief.