1, preparation of Chinese bee hive. Pay attention to sealing when making Chinese beehives; Don't open the bottom window; The front and rear windows of the rotating beehive can be dug with a wire saw, and the dug boards can be repaired and connected with loose leaves. The nest door should be about 5mm wide, and it is best to make a movable nest door, which can be adjusted at any time to prevent rats, cockroaches and wax moths (adults of wax moths). The ability of Chinese bees to resist nest insects (wax moth larvae) is weak, and the gaps at the bottom and around the box should be repaired with cow dung, lime and tung oil to clean and prevent nest insects from breeding, and wooden strips should be nailed around the box. 2. Choosing and cultivating excellent varieties to cultivate Chinese bees, we must first work hard on breeding bee species. The species of Chinese bees are complex, so it is necessary to choose bees with strong collection ability and insect resistance for breeding. Eliminate bad varieties at the fastest speed and implement optimization. According to my observation for many years, Chinese bees can be roughly divided into four categories according to the body colors of queen bees and worker bees: (1), and the red species: queen bees have obvious dark red or orange red rings in their abdomen, commonly known as "king whip". Worker bees are yellow, and young bees are pale yellow. The birth rate of red king is very high, which can maintain a large group; Bee splitting is weak and gentle; The disadvantage is that the ability to resist diseases and mites is poor, so it can be used as a material for parent hybridization. (2) Brown species: The queen bee and the worker bee are brown or brownish yellow, and the queen bee gives birth to mysterious children, so the colony has strong collecting power and insect resistance. The excellent software of Brown Seed Wangma Computer Company is the first choice for Chinese bee breeding materials because of its obvious confidant level, peaceful behavior, strong spleen protection ability and quick silence under slight vibration. (3) Hemp-colored species: Queen bees and worker bees are large in size, with obvious wide black circles, and the shallow abdomen reflects hemp color. The queen bee has a high birth rate and a strong ability to collect worker bees. (4) Black species: Queen bees and worker bees are all black with black spots on their bellies. Most black people are photophobic, gregarious and have a strong reaction to the outside world. They belong to the species with the strongest wild habits, so I will destroy them. Breeding of improved varieties of Chinese bees is a meticulous and long-term work, which can be selected through various ways, focusing on cultivation, continuous screening and optimization. If you find a particularly good bee, you must keep Lao Wang. Through hybridization, a large number of high-quality queen bees can be obtained as soon as possible, and at the same time, alternate queen bees can be cultivated in the non-bee-dividing season, which weakens the division of bees and thus cultivates a larger colony. 3. Selection and placement of Chinese beehives should be in a quiet, sunny and dry place, and close to clean water sources; The beehive is supported by wooden stakes with a height of not less than 0.5m The beehive is covered with fir bark all the year round to avoid the influence of external temperature on the beehive. In summer, we should do a good job of sun protection, and put the beehive in a cool place to set up a shed for sun protection. 4. In bee colony management, we should adjust the management of bees according to the conditions of bee colony potential, honey source and climate. As long as we grasp the key, we can achieve a relaxed and happy management effect. I sum up the management of bees into six words: two tight, two loose, two less. "Two tight" means tightening the hive from late autumn to early spring, which makes the bee spleen for many days and strengthens the ability of heat preservation and child protection of the bee colony; In summer, take out more spleen to make bees slightly more than spleen, so that bees can better protect the spleen and prevent the invasion of nest insects. "Two pines" is the flowering period from rape to chestnut. Make spleen in time, expand beehives, match bees and spleen, and cultivate new kings in time. Sapium sebiferum L. should make use of the characteristics of long flowers and flowing honey, make efforts to replenish the spleen before the deadline, speed up reproduction, cultivate alternate kings, and replace the old and inferior nests and spleens, so as to make preparations for the bee farm to spend the summer safely and meet the honey source of osmanthus in autumn. "Two Less" means unpacking when nothing happens at ordinary times, unpacking as little as possible in summer and winter, and only observing and listening to the movement in the box to judge whether the bee colony is normal. I have tried horizontal beehives, high and narrow beehives, and standard beehives to raise strong groups to collect honey. In the honey flowing period, the yield of single spleen is not as high as that of 5~6 spleen groups. It is easier to control the fever of bees by keeping the population potential of about 6 spleen, and the collection effect is good and easy to manage. 5. There are three aspects to be considered in the skills of Chinese bees to get honey: one is to ensure the safety of queen bees and bees, the other is to try not to affect the collection of bees, and the third is to maintain the development momentum of bees and avoid killing chickens to get eggs. When I take honey, under normal circumstances, there is a queen bee's spleen and a larva's spleen that I refuse to take. The time of taking honey should also be determined according to the time of honey flow in 1d (day). For example, rape, Chinese milk vetch and autumn laurel, I try to collect honey at night, which not only affects the number of bees, but also allows bees enough time to tidy up their hives at night, so that they will be more active in attendance the next day. During the flowering period of Sapium sebiferum, I choose to take honey in the early morning and at noon when the bees are mild to prevent frostbite of the spleen. In addition, a batch of high-quality nests and spleens should be kept every year, and the output of each group can be significantly improved by inserting spleens at the peak of honey flow. In the early stage of honey flow, it is one of the means to increase the alert yield by appropriately widening the frame spacing and thickening the nest spleen of bee colony to increase the honeymoon load of each spleen. Beware of bees when collecting honey in China. When there are stolen bees, they should be moved indoors or in tents. After shaking the bees, the beehives and beehives with dense spleen should be covered with cloth and a big cover to prevent losses caused by theft. Take honey lightly, quickly and steadily, take honey frequently in the early and middle stages of honey source, take little or no honey in the later stage, and leave enough feed; If the feed is insufficient, it should be supplemented before the honey source ends. The concentration of honey is related to the humidity of the air when taking honey. In order to collect all the honey, we must not miss the flowering period. Generally, honey can be taken when the two upper corners are full of flowers. If the honey juice is too thin, you can leave it in rainy days or at night when there are few honey sources and feed it to bees for further processing. Before the honey source is exhausted, spare nests and spleens should be taken out in time, and the good ones should be fumigated and preserved with sulfur, and the old and bad spleens should be waxed resolutely. 6. The most common diseases of bees in China are European larval disease, cyst larval disease and bee crawling disease. 6. 1. Larvae disease in Europe is closely related to temperature. Therefore, in order to prevent larval diseases in Europe, it is necessary to reduce the external influence on beehives and make them have relatively constant temperature and humidity. Usually, bees are commensurate with or slightly more than the spleen. In early spring, bees can be fed penicillin syrup 1-2 times, with 200,000 units in each group, so as to prevent diseases. Once European larval disease is found, it is necessary to tighten the spleen and feed streptomycin syrup at a dose of 20,000 ~ 40,000 units per spleen, which can be cured generally for 3 times. 6.2. The disease of Chinese bee cyst larva in 1974 brought a devastating blow to Chinese bee breeding. At that time, although more than 50 groups of Chinese bees I raised were treated with various drugs, most of them were seriously declining, and the groups with serious illness often ran away; However, some bees show strong resistance to cystic diseases. One of the brown population only occasionally experienced bradycardia symptoms, and the symptoms disappeared naturally after tightening the spleen, and the population potential of 5~6 spleens (standard box) remained at the flowering stage of chestnut. After 1975, the disease of Chinese bee larvae showed a downward trend year by year, indicating that the resistant population could survive and develop in the survival of the fittest, so cultivating resistant varieties is the main means to reduce the harm of the disease. Hainan Jinbuhuan and Hanxin Elaeagnus angustifolia can be used for drug treatment. Elaeagnus angustifolia is relatively easy to obtain. 250 grams of fresh grass can be decocted in water to remove residues and boiled with sugar to feed bees (10 box of bees). 6.3, Chinese bee pests are mainly nest worms and mites. The ability of Chinese bees to resist nest insects is weak. Under the premise of sealing bees, it is necessary to pay attention to the proportion of bee spleen or that bees are slightly more than spleen, maintain new spleen all the year round, and eliminate old spleen and bad spleen. Clean the bottom of the box on time and destroy the habitat of the nest insects; Nest frames that have been used for many years and damaged by nest insects should also be eliminated. The harm of Chinese bee mites is often ignored by colleagues who keep Chinese bees. In fact, the Chinese bee mite is very harmful to the bee colony. When Chinese bees were first raised, they were found to have mites, white, yellow and pink, and their meat quality was more delicate than that of Italian bees. The flowering period of chestnut is the peak of mite damage every year. After the badly damaged 1 nest is opened, several nymphs can be seen crawling inside, and adult mites can also crawl in and out. At that time, wingless bees were not found to crawl out, but due to the parasitism of mites, adult bees were weak and often caused to crawl. To prevent the harm of mites, we can do the following work in combination with bee colony management: (1) Clean the hive with quicklime water regularly, and then barbecue the inner wall with straw at least twice a year. (2) Spleen damaged by mites can be combined with tissue mating group to prevent the spread of mites. Let it rest and recover in summer and winter. This is also conducive to the reproduction of bees in the next flowering period. (3) Fix the beehive with wooden stakes to prevent other hosts of mites from sneaking into the beehive and causing infection. (4) Drug treatment: I used to spray wild quicklime powder at the door of the box and spray spleen with Stemona Stemona soup to treat mites. At present, there are many drugs for treating mites, which can be hung by "mites beating" at night. 6.4. The common adult disease of Chinese bees is bee crawling disease, so it is necessary to analyze the cause in detail, prescribe the right medicine and do a good job in prevention and health care. (1), strengthen the moisture-proof work of beehives in spring and late autumn, clean and change beehives in time, and don't disturb bees when the cold wave comes. (2) Ensure that bees have high-quality feed. When there is too much pollen backlog in spring, it is necessary to take out more pollen spleen or remove pollen to prevent the pathological changes caused by too long pollen storage time; The extracted pollen spleen and the removed pollen should be properly kept. (3) Honey and inferior sugar are not allowed to be added to the overwintering feed, and the feed should be supplemented before165438+1October 20th. Rhubarb, Akebia stem and ginger can be used to feed bees with boiled sugar water according to the amount of flour (5 spleen groups) to prevent the occurrence of bee bellied disease and dysentery. (4) Bee crawling disease caused by sporozoa can be fed with metronidazole and Viring syrup, and sprayed with rice vinegar and sugar water, with better effect.