Content:
Content involved
The content of Westernization Movement is very complicated, involving military affairs, politics, economy, education and diplomacy. , and in the name of "self-improvement", the main content is to establish the military industry and other enterprises around the military industry, and to establish Lu Haijun with new weapons and equipment. Since the 1960s, modern military industries such as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute have been established one after another. Among them, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is the largest government-run military factory in China. Founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai on 1865. The factory has about 2,000 people, mainly manufacturing guns, ammunition, mines and other military materials, as well as ships. 1867. Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the largest shipyard founded by the Qing government. It was founded in Fuzhou by Zuo Yu 1866. There are about 1700 people in the whole plant, mainly manufacturing large and small warships. Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute is the earliest modern arsenal run by the Qing government. It was founded by Zeng Guofan in Anqing on February 186 165438. This factory is small and mainly produces bullets, gunpowder, shells and other weapons. In addition to establishing the above-mentioned factories, we also send overseas students to learn technology. However, the Westernization School encountered some difficulties in the process of establishing military industry, the most important of which were the difficulties in capital, raw materials, fuel and transportation.
Therefore, under the slogan of "seeking wealth", the Westernization School began to set up civil enterprises such as China Merchants, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Tianjin Telegraph Bureau, Tangshan Xugezhuang Railway, Shanghai Weaving Layout and Lanzhou Weaving Bureau in the 1970s. At the same time, the Westernization School also began to plan coastal defense, and initially established the navies of Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian in 1884. After the Westernization clique took control of the naval yamen, it further expanded beiyang fleet and built Lushun Wharf and Ahava Military Port.
Important project
Anqing internal ordnance research institute
186 1 year, Zeng Guofan established a military industry in Anqing to manufacture modern weapons, which was also the first military industry founded by the Westernization School imitating western weapons. Mainly manufacturing bullets, gunpowder, blasting guns, etc. "Interior" refers to the setting of Anqing Army to which this ordnance belongs. 1864, after the Qing army captured Nanjing, the factory was moved from Anqing to Nanjing and renamed Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau.
Jiangnan manufacturing bureau
Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, it was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai on 1865. /kloc-moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Temple in 0/867. After continuous expansion, it became the largest military industry of the Qing government. The technology and mechanical equipment of this factory mainly depend on foreign countries. Besides making guns and ammunition, it also makes machines and ships. /kloc-in 0/905, the shipbuilding part became independent and was called "Jiangnan Wharf", and the arsenal part was called Manufacturing Bureau. Later, it was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard and Shanghai Arsenal respectively. It is the largest modern industry run by the Westernization School. It uses self-made steel to imitate muskets, catching up with the level of new German muskets in the late19th century, and its smokeless powder has reached the advanced level in the world. However, the General Administration of Jiangnan Manufacturing was officially run, and the funds were allocated by the Qing government. Production does not count as cost, does not consider economic benefits, and lacks development motivation. It adopted feudal yamen-style management and restrained workers by managing the army. Workers lack enthusiasm for production and the quality of products cannot be guaranteed.
Fuzhou navigational affairs management bureau
Fuzhou Shipping Bureau is the most well-equipped new shipyard operated by the Qing government. 1866 was founded by Zuo in Mawei, Fuzhou. Hire foreigners as technicians. Mainly composed of iron works, docks and schools, it was seriously damaged in the 1884 Mawei naval battle. Although it has recovered, it is not as good as before. After the Revolution of 1911, it was renamed the Naval Shipyard.
Hanyang iron works
1In the spring of 889, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned to establish an ironmaking plant in Guangzhou. In the same year, he was transferred to the governor of Huguang, and the ironworks moved to Hanyang. 1890 Construction started under Dabie Mountain. 1893 Hanyang Iron Works was basically completed, with six large factories, four small factories and two ironmaking furnaces. 1894 was put into production, and it was all official at the beginning. From preparation to 1895, * * * spent more than 5.8 million. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1896, the Qing government was unable to raise funds, so it was changed to "official supervision and commercial office" in 1896. On the eve of the Revolution of 1911, Hanyang Iron Works had about 3,000 workers with an annual output of 70,000 tons. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, some equipment of Hanyang Iron Works was moved to Chongqing by the Kuomintang government and Dadukou Iron and Steel Works was established. After liberation, it belongs to the people.
Ship investment promotion bureau
Referred to as "China Merchants". The earliest shipping enterprise established in China. 1872 (11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty) Li Hongzhang was invited to organize. 1873 1 holds. The General Administration is located in Shanghai, with branches in Yantai, Hankou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Kobe, Luzon and Singapore. 1885 (in the 11th year of Guangxu) was changed to official supervision and commercial office. 1909 (Xuantongyuannian) is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. 19 12 was changed to commercial office, renamed as Commercial China Merchants Steamship Company, and later renamed as Commercial China Merchants Steamship Co., Ltd. 1932, the Kuomintang government was nationalized and renamed as State-owned China Merchants Bureau, which was under the Ministry of Communications. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the General Administration moved to Hongkong first and then to Chongqing. Moved back to Shanghai after the war. 1947 * * has 460 ships, exceeding 330,000 tons. China merchants steamship co., ltd was established in 1948. 195 1 changed its name to China People's Steamship Corporation, and Hong Kong still retains its old name. China merchants group co., ltd was established in 1985.
Tongwenguan
People who have been engaged in translation for a long time in the history of our country, but the formal establishment of foreign language schools was not until the Qing government 1862 that the Wentong Museum was established in Beijing. When the Qing government signed the treaty of nanking, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty with foreign countries, even China people who knew foreign languages could not be found, and they were deceived by the invaders.
186 1, please set up a foreign language school to train foreign language talents and diplomatic talents. 1862 August, Emperor Tongzhi officially approved the establishment of "Shi Jing Wentong Pavilion". Besides Chinese, students mainly study foreign languages. There are foreign teachers, such as Paul Teng in Britain, Smile and Billigan in France, Berlin in Russia, Ding Weiliang in the United States, John Flair and Harrington. Ding Weiliang served as head teacher from 1869, and was in charge of education affairs for 30 years. Hurd, the chief tax official, also serves as an inspector, actually controlling the power of funds and personnel. Wentong Library is completely managed by regular schools, and English Library, Russian Library, German Library and Oriental (Japanese) Library are opened one after another. Only the children of the Eight Banners under the age of 13 and 14 will be recruited, and then Manchu students aged 15-25 and Manchu students of any age will be recruited. The study period is initially set at 3 years, which is divided into two types according to 1876: one is students of foreign languages, astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines, with an academic system of 8 years; First, older students who study astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines only by Chinese translation have a five-year academic system. 1867 added mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, foreign history and geography. The maximum number of students is 120. Most of the graduates are translators, diplomats and officials of other westernization agencies of the Qing government. There is a printing factory that translates and prints books on the public law of nations and mathematics, physics, literature and history. 1902 wentong museum merged into Shi Jing university hall.
Commencement sign: 186 1 year after Taiping Army and Nian Army were destroyed.
End sign: 1894 Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated in Weihai Port, and the expeditionary force returned to China.
Introduction to physical education
The Westernization Movement was originally named "Tongguang New Deal". After 1860, in the process of suppressing the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom jointly by China and foreign countries, a number of comprador and modern bureaucratic warlords gradually formed in the feudal groups of the Qing Dynasty. In their contacts with foreign capitalist powers, they not only thought that the contradiction between the Qing government and foreign invaders could be mediated and compromised, but also suppressed the resistance of the domestic people by "using foreign countries to help suppress", and they also adopted some capitalist production technologies to achieve the purpose of maintaining the crumbling feudal rule. These people were the westernization faction in power in the Qing government at that time. The westernization movement they engaged in from 65438 to 1960 was called the westernization movement. The so-called "Westernization" refers to everything related to foreign relations and exchanges, such as Westernization negotiations, signing treaties, sending overseas students, buying foreign guns, training troops (Beiyang, Fujian and Nanyang fleets) according to the "foreign law", learning foreign science, using machines, mining and setting up factories, etc.