A scholar has traveled all over the country several times in his life. Wherever he goes, he carefully studies a rock, a hole, a grass and a tree. Make an extensive search for the local scenery, record it in detail and compile it into a book. There are Yi, Youcao, Broad-minded and so on. , has been compiled into Wang Shi's three geography books.
Basic introduction: Wang Shixing's real name is Uncle Jpua, born in Linhai Chengguan, date of birth: 1547, date of death: 1598, and his main achievements are: You Cao in wuyue, Volume II of Guang You Zhi, Volume V of Guang Zhi Yi and Yu. Wang Shixing likes studying and traveling. Wanli five years (1577) Jinshi, awarded Queshan magistrate. He has served as a minister in the Ministry of Rites, participated in the Senate in Guangxi, went to school in Henan, participated in politics in Shandong, worked as an admonition officer for You Shumi, and was an official in Nanjing. A scholar has traveled all over the country several times in his life. Wherever he goes, he carefully studies a rock, a hole, a grass and a tree. Make an extensive search for the local scenery, record it in detail and compile it into a book. Wang Shixing, a native of Jiajing, Qin Long and Wanli in Ming Dynasty, was fond of traveling. "He is not very interested in traveling to Ziping (a hermit in the Eastern Han Dynasty) and wants to travel all over the five mountains." Wang's expert was originally an official's family, and his grandfather was good at poetry, but he died young. By the time his father lived in the country, his family had declined. Because he was "poor and eager to learn", the clan king "loved him as his own" and regarded him as his stepson. Wang has written a lot from a clean official to an assistant minister of punishments. His own sons are also famous. Wang Shixing, Wang, and his younger brothers, Shi Chang, are all literati and celebrities, all handed down from generation to generation in the Ming Dynasty. During the Republic of China, Taizhou Fuzhi was also Biography of Wang, with more than 4,500 words recorded in the same entry, which is rare in chronicles. Wang Shixing is a scholar at the age of 3/kloc-0. His first official position was Queshan magistrate. Later, he served as an official in the Ministry of Rites, attended the Senate in Guangxi, went to further studies in Henan, participated in politics in Shandong, served as an imperial adviser in Youhuadu, and served as an official in Nanjing Hongqiao Temple. Soon, he returned to Li. 2 1 year, "Where Do Officials Travel" traveled all over the five mountains and rivers. Except Fujian, other two Beijing and twelve provinces have left his footprints. Forty years later, Xu Xiake called Wang Wei in his travel notes, showing his admiration. He is the author of Twelve Volumes of Wuyue Grass, Two Volumes of Guang You Zhi, Five Volumes of Guang Zhi Yi and Yu. Among them, The Book of Changes in Guang Zhi is a valuable work of human geography, with informative content and unique vision, and is known as the originator of human geography in China. The Character Evaluation of Guangzhiyi1980 June 17 Mr. xie guozhen pointed out that Wang Shixing's Guangzhiyi is an important document in the study of historical geography and physical geography in China. 1983, Tan Qixiang, a senior and late professor in the field of historical geography in China, delivered a speech entitled "Wang Shixing, an outstanding geographer of Xu Xiake's contemporaries" at the conference held in Guilin, Guangxi. He compared the achievements and contributions of Xu Xiake and Wang Shixing, and pointed out: "From the perspective of natural geography, Xu is better than Wang, and from the perspective of human geography (including economy), Sheng Wang Seo Woo". 1985 At Xu Xiake's national academic seminar, Mr. Tan Qixiang spoke highly of Wang Shixing again, saying that he and Xu were "equal". After more than 400 years of silence, the rural sage Wang Shixing in Linhai has finally attracted the attention of academic circles, and his contribution to human geography in China has been duly evaluated. King Zhang An, 40 years earlier than Xu Xiake, is the author of Wandering Grass in Five Mountains, Guang You Zhi, Guang Zhi Yi and Li Yintang Ji. According to Xu Jianchun and Liang's On Wang Shixing, Wang Shixing is the 15th grandson of "Zhang An Wang", and he is related to Wang Youyuan and Jin Benheng, a coastal philosopher. Readers interested in his family background can find this book to read. Wang Shixing, who died young, belongs to the kind of person who did well, played well, learned well and wrote well. His regret is that he died young at the age of 52. Since Wanli entered the Jinshi in five years, he has worked as a county magistrate, a clerk, an assistant, a scholar, a political servant, a petty official and so on. He dares to speak and do. Biography of Ming History speaks highly of Wang Shi's talent and knowledge. As far as his life is concerned, what should be emphasized is his travel notes and his thinking on human geography. Different from Xu Xiake's self-help tour, Wang Shixing mainly takes advantage of the opportunity of being an official in various places to enjoy the rivers and mountains, and sometimes goes to visit places of interest. Later generations commented that he was "traveling all the time, with no land and no officials." "Poverty and isolation are extremely dangerous. Every stone and hole, every grass and tree is small, and everything is fine. "Xu Xiake traveled all over 14 provinces, only lacking Sichuan; Wang Shixing has also been to fourteen provinces, except Fujian, which is quite extensive. Travelers pay more attention to natural landscapes, while Wang Shixing also pays attention to humanistic phenomena. At that time, a common problem for geography researchers was that they paid attention to literature research and word of mouth, and paid little attention to field trips. Wang Shixing personally participated, and his narrative was "all what he saw and heard, or he would rather not be there." "Different from Xu Xiake's diary-style travel notes, he made a theoretical exploration of the first-hand information he obtained, and also specially collected notes as" Five Mountains Wandering Grass ",which was refined and rich in literary talent. Research Contribution Wang Shixing made an in-depth study of the regional characteristics of geography and made important contributions to dialectology and toponymy. After careful investigation, he came to the conclusion that the natural environment has a decisive influence on human behavior. Taking Zhejiang as an example, he thinks it can be divided into three regions: Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Lake are plain water towns and "people of Zeguo". Here, the transportation is convenient, department stores gather, the people in the city are relatively rich, the customs are relatively luxurious, and the gentry is very powerful; Jin, Qu and Yan, located in hilly areas, are all "ravine people", who advocate the spirit of stone, are strong-willed and live frugally, but do not attach importance to wealth; Ning, Shao and Wen are "seaside people". People here are not too poor because of Li Hai, nor too rich because they don't do business. Their custom is "half luxury and half frugality" and relatively mild. The statue of Wang Shixing is very rare. Wang Shixing has begun to look at the problem from the perspective of development and noticed the shift of China's economic and cultural focus from north to south. He said in Guang You Zhi: "In the past, Yong, Ji, He and Luo were China, while Chu, Wu and Max Loehr descended more and more. Today, the famous cultural relics are thriving in the southeast, and it is not without some concessions. "There is a cloud in the guest's heart: the natural fortune cycle, the earth pulse running, multiplying and dividing each other. If I say yes, it will be logical. " Wang Shixing's geographical thought had a far-reaching influence on the thoughts of many scholars in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. For example, Gu, a master of Park Studies who had an important influence on the academic development in Qing Dynasty, quoted Wang Shixing's theory in many places in his works, and even recorded Wang Shixing's original text in a whole paragraph. Wang Shixing's travel notes are elegant and beautiful. He is a master of prose and has many excellent poems. He only recorded a poem about Jinzishan and "Climbing to the Top of China" to see one thing: "When Jinzishan was in the city, fairy clouds and yellow flowers rose and fell in Zi Shan. The two ancient peaks are intertwined, each with a floating city, a cave halfway up the mountain is Hua Xu Cave, and there is a yellow flower Dan well on the toe, facing Santai Mountain, and there is Yuhuitang in the mountain. When you go to the church, you can see that the Lingjiang River comes from the northwest, surrounds it and flows to the northeast. On the river, the floating beams lie on the waves, people come and go in the shadows, the tide is floating or white, and there are hundreds of people fighting for the flow, so the stars and the moon are black. The Tang people turned over the topic and said,' It's extremely cold in the new autumn night, cranes turn over truffles and drip clothes, and the village in front shines halfway across the river, and monks open a green bamboo building'. The poem "Shanghuading" says: "The mountains are full of children and grandchildren, and the eight peaks are unique; Close at hand, the throne is closed, and the east and west half hold the Tianmen; Xianjia chickens and dogs stay in the clouds, the world is hazy, and the bottom of the stick; Where are the Jade House and the Golden Pavilion? There is Kunlun at leisure. "Related reading Wang Shihang pen and ink in Taizhou Wang Shihang, word uncle, Taichu, Bai Yuan Taoist, Zhejiang Linhai people. Born in the 26th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1547) and died in the 26th year of Wanli (1598). Scholars are poor and eager to learn since childhood, reading and reading. I like traveling, because I have been to Hangzhou and the beautiful mountains and rivers in Vietnam in my lifetime. Wanli five years (1 577), Jinshi. Since then, he has worked as an official in Henan, Beijing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Shandong, Ningxia and other places, until he reached Lu Hong Temple. Except Fujian, he traveled all over the two Beijing and twelve provinces at that time and wrote immortal travel notes and poems. Collected in three books: Walking Grass in Five Mountains, Travel Notes and Records of Guang. The greatest feature of Wang Shixing's travel notes is not only the description of nature, but also the theoretical thinking about the travel and the object of investigation. Many aspects reached the forefront of the world at that time, and these theoretical thoughts made him rank among the great geographers in China history and become an outstanding human geographer in China, just like Xu Xiake. This article focuses on Wang's romantic tour in Taizhou. Wang Shixing has made great achievements in Taizhou. According to historical records, he once wrote two books, Yu and Dong. Yuxian Mountain is a mountain name in the south of Yongquan Shu Tong Mountain. Wang Shixing is from Landao Village, Jiangyan Town, Linhai City, and faces Yuxian Mountain across the river. As can be seen from the eyes, the collection of Yuxian Mountain is the source of the name. " East Lake Annals is an East Lake Annals which was built by Song Duangong in the second year (989). Taizhou is a beautiful pearl. Unfortunately, both Yu and Dong are lost in the long river of history. However, although these two collections have not been preserved and scattered in famous works such as Grass of Five Mountains and Guangzhiyi, they have left many chapters. For example, I swam the Great Wall in the south of the Yangtze River and climbed Badaling in the south of the Yangtze River, and wrote: "Of the eleven counties in Guangdong and Zhejiang, only five are the most dangerous, the second in the southwest faces the great river, and the rocks in the northwest are towering, although there are no birds. "This stroke alone makes the Great Wall magnificent, beautiful, spectacular and vivid, and brings tourists to a place where heroes can't reach the Great Wall. You Donghu wrote a poem "Crossing the Woodman Pavilion", which expressed the tragic sense of justice of "in a word, expressing my heart for the rest of my life"; You towel mountain, wrote a poem "two towels for the rest of the pavilion", the poem says, "if there is a god in the dream, the monument will be broken for a while." Eight hymns, such as "Lonely Pavilion and Twin Peaks" and "Spring of a Thousand Wells". Wherever Wang Shixing's footprints go, there is Wang Shixing's pen and ink. He went to the flood bridge in the suburb of Linhai and built a bamboo hole. Gaizhu Cave, called Xianren Cave in ancient times, is one of the birthplaces of Taoism in China. Du Guangting, a Taoist priest who served as prime minister during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, wrote 36 caves in Taoist books, calling Gaizhu Cave 19 caves. Gaizhu Mountain has dense forests and beautiful scenery. As early as the Han Dynasty, four Taoist priests, Chen and others, practiced in the mountains. Later, it was said that they were all enlightened. During the Jin Dynasty, Taoist Xu Mai built a stone chamber in Gaizhu Cave, which was later renamed as the Habitat View. Ge Hong's Bao Pu Zi has a very high evaluation of Gaizhu Mountain, saying that this mountain can contain elixir. Celebrities such as the magistrate Tang in the Song Dynasty and Feng Gengxue in the Qing Dynasty have visited the cave. Wang Shixing traveled with Mr. Gaizhu Cave. In his poem, he praised Gaizhu Cave as "thirty-six holes in the universe, and Du Xuanxian's waves collide." I have heard many poems about this cave, such as "Ge Hong is a fairy house". Wherever Wang Shixing goes, he often reveals the humanities there. For example, when you climb Jin 'ao Mountain in Zhang 'an Town, Taizhou City, contact Song Gaozong Wenxin Guodu to sail here, that is, write a poem "Climbing Jin 'ao Mountain", which says: "The huge ao is not loaded, but only flows to Jiangmen. The clouds are wet and the grass is wet, and Hong Tao takes a bath at dawn. The mountain city is full of yellow sand moraines, the water town is full of dew and autumn, the west wind is sad and the monarch sails repeatedly. When I arrived at Sanmen Youxian Cave, I wrote a poem "You Xianyan visited the statue of the king". The poem sighs to Wen Tianxiang: "The sunset in Chang 'an is lonely, so the soul of my country is called Ozawa Kong. "Wang Shixing left the most ink in Taizhou Tiantai Tour. The geography, geology, scenic spots, customs and customs of Tiantai Mountain are fully described in Entering Tiantai Mountain in Wuyue Youcao and Visiting Tiantai Mountain in this episode. At the beginning of the article, it is said that Tiantai Mountain is eighteen thousand feet high and eight heavy, such as Zhang Dafan, hence the name Tiantai. In a short sentence, the geography and origin of Tiantai are clearly stated. Another example is the description of Chicheng Mountain, "The back is red and looks like a pheasant, hence the name Chicheng." In a few words, the characteristics of Chicheng were marked out. Another example is Tianmu Mountain. In a word, it is said that "Tianmu people came to the mountain from the rooftop, so they are called' Mu Yan'". A few extremely refined words, the geography, location and regional characteristics of the rooftop jumped into people's eyes. Another example is written in Guangzhiyi: There are three Liang Shi in Zhejiang. The mountain rocks and beams in Nanming lie on the ground, Liang Shi in Yandang Mountain stands leaning against the sky, and Liang Shi in Tiantai Mountain has turtle ridges, deep valleys and bottomless waterfalls, which are dizzying and shocking. Those who want to train and observe survivors can't afford it. With the brush strokes of contrast and washing practice, it vividly depicts the respective characteristics of the three Liang Shi cities in Zhejiang. In his travel notes and poems, this kind of beautiful and magnificent travel notes, vivid images and dynamic beauty can be seen everywhere. Reading Wang Shixing's travel notes and poems is like watching beautiful landscape paintings. In a short space, you can see the splendid Yuan Ye and magnificent rivers and mountains on Tiantai Mountain, and appreciate the colorful customs of Tiantai Mountain, which not only gives people beautiful artistic enjoyment, but also inspires their feelings of patriotism and love for their hometown. Why did Wang Shi love Tiantai Mountain so much? In addition to the beautiful natural landscape paintings in Tiantai Mountain, there is another important reason, that is, Wang Shi believes in Buddhism. Everyone knows that Tiantai Mountain is a holy place of Buddhism. In addition to believing in Buddhism, Wang Shixing's research on Buddhism is also very rich. It is said that Wang's belief in Buddhism is influenced by Wang, because Wang is a direct descendant of Wang Yangming, and Wang Shixing and Wang are of the same clan. Therefore, he has a deep relationship with the monks in Tiantai Mountain, and we can learn a little from his correspondence with Master Youxi. Master Youxi, the lantern bearer, was born in 1553 and died in 1667. At that time, he was the abbot of Gaoming Temple, and he once compiled Biezhi of Youxi. In his letter to You Suxi, Wang Shixing said, "A master goes to the altar to enlighten all beings without merit." Only this sentence can confirm Wang Shixing's association with Master Youxi. People say that you can know the whole picture by looking at one point. Look at some of Wang Shixing's pen and ink left in Taizhou, and you will know how much Wang Shixing loves his hometown Taizhou and how much he loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. Because of his deep love, he can divide Zhejiang into Zeguo Cultural Zone, Valley Cultural Zone and Binhai Cultural Zone from the perspective of geographical factors. The East Zhejiang Cultural Zone is further subdivided into three cultural zones. It is believed that Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Lake are plain water towns and Zeguo people. Jinshan, Qushan and Yanshan, the people of the valley are in danger; Ning, Shao, Taiwan, Wen, and even mountains and seas are all for coastal people. It is very appropriate and scientific to divide the cultural characteristics of Zhejiang into three geographical types, which is a great invention and contribution of Wang Shixing and one of the main reasons why Wang Shixing is respected as a human geographer by later generations.