Who is Tuoba GUI? Tuoba GUI (371.8.4—409.11.6), whose word refers to Tuoba GUI, was also called Tuoba GUI in the Southern Dynasties, the founder of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and was known as Daowudi of the Northern Wei Dynasty in history. Tuoba GUI was born on August 4, 37 1 year [that is, July (the seventh day of the sixth year of Taihe)] in the north of Shenhe River (now northeast of Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia), and his mother was the daughter of the Xiongnu Helan Department. Tuoba GUI's grandfather Tuoba Shiyi was the leader of Daiguo. At that time, the power of Daiguo was still very strong. Historical records record that his territory is "from east to west, from mountains in the south to deserts in the north, with hundreds of thousands of people" (Zi Jian, volume 96). But when Tuoba GUI was born, the alliance was facing a crisis. You continued to take measures to promote the transformation of the alliance to the country, causing dissatisfaction among the old aristocratic forces within the alliance. Just a few months before Tuoba GUI was born, You Shi had just quelled an infighting. Although Chang Sun Jin, the murderer of Shi Yigui, was captured and killed, Tuoba GUI's father was injured and killed in the battle. Tuoba GUI is the posthumous son of Tuoba GUI. In addition, Daiguo was seriously threatened by foreign enemies. In the west of Tuoba, there is an iron-rich tribe, originally a Xiongnu species, in the north of the Yellow River. It frequently harassed Tuoba Department, and it was the old enemy of Tuoba Department. Thirty years ago, Tiefu was defeated by You Shi, once joined the * * * Alliance, and later joined the former Qin King Fu Jian. By August of the first year of Taiyuan (376), the former Qin Dynasty had unified the northern part of China, leaving only Daiguo in the north. In October, Xiongnu Zuo Wei Liu, who was attached to the former Qin Dynasty, was forced to seek help from the State of Qin. Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, appointed the secretariat of Youzhou and Tang Gong as the northern viceroy, commanding 65,438+10,000 soldiers of Youzhou and Jizhou to attack the Tuoba people of Xianbei. At the same time, it is difficult to send troops to do secretariat. Town generals Deng Qiang, Shangshu Zhao Qian, Li Rou, former general Jeikiy, former forbidden general Zhang Hao and right forbidden general Guo Qing rode 200,000 people step by step, east to Helong (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) and west to Shang Jun (now southeast of Yulin, Shaanxi). In two directions, they joined the army, from Liu and from Hun Zuo. In November, Tuoba Shiyi sent the White Department and the Dugu Department to resist the former Qin Jun, but they did not win. Liu Kuren, a southern adult, led 6,543.8+10,000 cavalry to resist, and fought fiercely with Qin Jun in Shiziling, southwest of Yuesheng Palace in Yunzhong (now northwest of Inner Mongolia and Linger), and lost again. Tuoba Shiyi was unable to personally lead the troops to fight because of illness, so he led the people to flee to the north of Yinshan Mountain. Unexpectedly, it was plundered from all directions by the Gaoche tribe and returned to the south of the desert. After hearing this news, Qin Jun retreated a little and returned to the capital cloud in1February. Soon, Uncle Shiyi's eldest son decided to listen to the slanderers and kill his brother first, then his father. When the news reached Qin Jun, the Qin general Li Rou immediately sent troops to attack the cloud, and the Daiguo Department fled in succession and Daiguo perished. After the death of Daiguo, Tuoba GUI fled to Helan with his mother Ho. This year, Tuoba GUI was six years old. Later, Fu Jian summoned Shi Yanfeng, the acting leader, to inquire about the causes of civil strife in the country. He didn't know what TaBaMao did. Fu Jian was furious and smashed his car. Fu Jian also wants to move Tuoba GUI to Chang 'an. Yan please say, "The King of Dai died at the beginning, and the ministers rebelled and dispersed, leaving their grandchildren young, so they could not be unified." Liu Kuren, an adult in other departments, is brave and wise; Tiefu Vision Wei, cunning and changeable, cannot fight alone. Might as well divide the department into two, so that these two people will be unified; The two men have a deep hatred and dare not start first. As long as his grandson is a little longer, it is your majesty's virtue to be able to live and die, so that his descendants will never invade or rebel. This is a good way to be safe "(Zi Jian Juan 140). Fu Jian, as he said, divided his land into two parts, allowing Liu Kuren to rule the east of the Yellow River and Liu to rule the west of the Yellow River. Fu Jian also scattered the Tuoba part in Yunyun, Dingxiang, Yanmen and Wuyuan counties. "Li Jue, supervisor, bureaucratic escort, class business, three to five selection, three years without rent. At the end of the year, Shuai Qu was ordered to go to the DPRK to offer sacrifices and restrict entry and exit "("Jin Shufu's Sword "). Dugu was originally a branch of Xiongnu, and because of its deep relationship with Tuoba, it was an important member of Tuoba League. After his death, in order to seek asylum, Tuoba GUI's mother took him from Helan Department to Dugu Department and attached him to Liu Kuren. Liu Kuren, who was very devoted and devoted, served Tuoba GUI diligently and prepared for a week instead of reviving the world. He often said to his philosophers, "This son has lofty aspirations and will definitely restore his ancestors' career, so you should satisfy him as soon as possible" (Zi Jian 140). Soon, Liu was ashamed of Liu Kuren and killed Qin Wuyuan. Liu Kuren defeated Liu. In this way, after Shiyi, Dugu became the largest and strongest tribe in Daibei control area. In October of the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Fu Jian was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the battle of Feishui, and the former Qin regime quickly collapsed. The factions affiliated to the Qin Dynasty rose up and rebelled. Soon, Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang, the last king of Qin. Northern China split again, and many separatist regimes emerged. In the same month, Liu Kuren was killed by his subordinate Murong Wen for supporting Fu Jian, and the position of leader was inherited by his younger brother Liu Juan. In August of the 10th year of Taiyuan (385), civil strife broke out again in Dugu, and Liu Xian, the son of Liu Kuren, killed Liu Juan. Liu Xian is ambitious and wants to rule the north. Liu Xian regards Tuoba GUI, who lives here, as the biggest hidden danger. That month, Liu Xian was going to kill Tuoba GUI. Wang Ba, a businessman, stepped on Tuoba GUI's foot, and Tuoba GUI hurried away. At that time, Liu Xiandi's wife Liu was Tuoba GUI's aunt, so she told her family about it. At the same time, the main beam of Liu Xian's plan is You's nephew. He knew all about the plan, and secretly sent his men Mu Chong and Mu to tell Tuoba GUI. That night, Hershey went to Liu Xian for a drink, and asked Tuoba GUI to take his old ministers Sun Gui, Yuan and Luo Jieye to Helan Department. The next morning, He deliberately said to him, "My students were here at the beginning, but now they are all gone. Who killed you? " (Biography of the Empress of Shu Wei Xianming)? Liu Xiansui was not in a hurry to catch up, and Tuoba GUI was able to escape. Tuoba GUI is very attached to his uncle henna. Impatiens were overjoyed when they saw Tuoba GUI: "Be an old minister after the restoration of the country!" Tuoba GUI replied with a smile: "As my uncle said, I dare not forget this matter (Zi Jian, Volume 160). At this time, Liu Xian suspected that Liu Liang had leaked his plan as soon as possible and gave up. He Yueju, an adult from his younger brother, led his men to unite Tuoba GUI and Liu Xiannu, ready to kill He. He fled to the Liu family and hid in the magic car for three days. After Liu pleaded with Liu, Liu stopped pursuing it. Soon, Liu Xianbu rebelled again, and Yu Hechen, an adult in the central part of the previous generation, persuaded him to continue his propaganda. When his Naidi He Rangan saw that Tuoba GUI was very popular, he was jealous of it and sent his best friend Hou Yinqi to kill Tuoba GUI. When he really knew about it, he informed Tuoba GUI and didn't dare to act. He Rangan suspected that Wei Guzhen had betrayed his plan, arrested him for interrogation, and clamped his head with two axles, injuring his eyes. Wei Jiazhen still refused to admit it, so He Rangan had to let him go and led the troops to surround Tuoba GUI. He said to He Rangan, "You set me up in Jin 'an to kill my son" (The Biography of Shu Wei Xianming Queen)? He ran away and left in shame. In the 11th year of Taiyuan (386), Tuoba GUI held a meeting in Niuchuan (now Tabu River of Wulanchabu League in Inner Mongolia, namely Xilamulin River), which was the birth of the throne. Chang is an adult in the south, and Shu Sunpu is an adult in the north. The new alliance is mainly composed of three parts: the so-called "imperial clan eight surnames" is the core of the alliance. These eight surnames belong to the Tuoba family and its seven consanguineous tribes, which were formed when Tuoba lived in the neighborhood. Secondly, there are other tribes besides the eight surnames of the imperial clan, and the stronger ones are Helan Department and Qiumuling Department. The third is some * * *, among which Zhang Zhou, Xu Qian and others are more influential. Tuoba GUI's enthronement ceremony has a strong tendency of clan aristocratic democracy. Other leaders of the imperial clan with eight surnames and seven clans covered their heads with black felt and made sacrifices to heaven with Tuoba GUI. This shows that at the beginning of Tuoba GUI's reign, the power of the alliance was diversified, and the king had no supreme power. Tuoba GUI imitated the habit of exchanging yuan for yuan, and called this year Deng nian. The institutions set up by the reconstructed alliance basically inherited the system of the eleventh period. The more important positions are four adults who manage the daily affairs of the alliance and two adults who manage the foreign population affiliated to the alliance. In April of Deng (386), Tuoba GUI gave up the title of the Western Jin Dynasty and renamed it Wang Wei. In May, Tuoba GUI went to Lingshi. Hou Chen, Minister of Buddhist Protection, and Minister B rebelled on behalf of the topic. The generals wanted to catch up, and Tuoba GUI said, "Hou Chen and others are engaged in professional services. Although there are some minor mistakes, tolerance is appropriate. Today's grass-roots creation, human feelings are different, and those who are stupid should stumble, which is not enough to catch up "("Shu Wei and maoji "). In July, Tuoba GUI moved the capital to Lesheng (now Tuchengzi, northwest of Inner Mongolia and Linger). Dai Ti led the tribe south again, but a few days later, he went to Liu Xian again. Tuoba GUI asked his grandson Shuangjin to lead the tribe. In August, Tuoba GUI's leadership was seriously challenged. Liu Xianyong established Tuo Domineering Cave and Tuoba GUI competed for the throne. Tuoba Cave Duh is Shi Yigui's youngest son. After his death, Fu Jian moved to Chang 'an. After the Battle of Feishui, Chang 'an was in chaos.
What is the history of Tuoba GUI? How to evaluate Tuoba GUI, the founding emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty? My evaluation of him is as follows:
Daowu killed many people in his political and military career. In his later years, he believed in witchcraft, ate cold food powder, had a nervous breakdown and was scattered. However, he is young, stressed and strong-willed, and it is difficult to restore the country. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), and Liu were eliminated, many ethnic groups in the north were conquered, and the threat from the north was cut off. He went south to the Central Plains, fought like a god, subverted Hou Yan, and gradually conquered the North in a year and a half. He was an outstanding strategist in ancient China. After the decline of Houyan, Taoism and martial arts were incorporated into all peoples, and they tried their best to promote agriculture, reuse Han people and transform Xianbei society. He has made outstanding contributions and deserves to be called an outstanding politician. Ideologically, Daofu attached importance to Confucian classics. "The imperial academy was established, with a doctor of Five Classics and 3,000 students." In order to solve the problem that Xianbei and Chinese are not fluent, Dawu spent four years in Tianxing, "collecting doctors and Confucian scholars, comparing with various classics, and following synonyms, with more than 40 thousand words, called" Various Classics ". In terms of cultural classics, Dao Fu asked Li Xian: "What is the best book in the world that is beneficial to people's hearts?" First of all, he said, "Only the scriptures. The code of the three emperors and five emperors can make the king's determination. " The emperor asked again, "Where there are books in the world, there is geometry! I want to collect, how to prepare? " The first one said, "Fuxi created it, and the emperors inherited it, so that today, the world spreads all over the country, and there are countless secrets in the world." "Your majesty's decree is to collect them and strictly control the receipt and delivery of all counties in the world. It is not difficult." Tao Wu "therefore, the class system is the world, and it is slightly collected." As a Xianbei ruler with low culture, Daofu can still attach importance to culture in the chaotic situation in the north, which is really commendable. Hu Sansheng said, "Tuoba GUI is prosperous, but the shape of north and south has been decided. The north and the south stand together, and the south is the north. Oh! Since the Sui Dynasty, people whose names were promoted at that time have lived for six or seven generations, representing the descendants of the north! " It is also a historical fact that the three provinces originated from feelings, but the strong rise of the Northern Wei Dynasty changed the social misery of the last sixteen countries. As an emperor whose name is more than reality, Daowu, like Qin Shihuang's Hanwu and Tang Zongsong Zu, contributed to the progress and development of ancient China society and should occupy a place in the history of China.
Historically, Tuoba Shao killed Tuoba GUI. In his later years, Tuoba GUI was headstrong and suspicious. Because he ate cold food, he often wanted to kill the minister because of some dissatisfaction in the past. Most ministers live in fear, which affects their ability to handle affairs.
1October 13 (165438+4091October 6), the second son of the emperor, Mrs. Tuoba Shao, made an insurrection, and Tuoba GUI imprisoned her in the palace and prepared to be executed. At dusk, it is still up in the air. He secretly asked TaBaShao for help. Tuoba Shao colluded with the palace guards and eunuchs and took people over the wall into the palace that night to assassinate Tuoba GUI. Tuoba GUI woke up when Tuoba Shao came, tried to find a weapon to fight back but failed, and was finally killed by him at the age of 39. Buried in Jinling in the cloud, the exact location is unknown. Why was Emperor Tuoba GUI of Wei Daowu also called Jue Yuan? Because Wei Wendi carried out the sinicization reform and changed Tuoba to Yuan, it was also called.
The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as the localization of filial piety, refers to the political reform carried out by Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization Movement, including the implementation of the equal land system and household regulation, the official system and legal reform, the relocation of the capital to Luoyang, and the change of customs in China. Reform measures: In 472 AD (Yan Xing's second year), the government was promoted to the first level one year later; Those with poor performance will be punished or even demoted even if they take office soon. In 475 AD (the fifth year of Yan Xing), in order to change the chaotic situation in which states, counties and counties competed to collect and adjust rent, * * * decided to levy it only at the county level, and it was forbidden to use vats, long feet and heavy scales when collecting it. Salary system In 484 AD (the eighth year of Taihe), the salary system was promulgated, stipulating that a horse loaded with silk cloth would be executed after accepting bribes. The following year's Land Equalization Order also stipulates that local guards can give a certain amount of farmland according to their official positions. The granted commons are not allowed to be bought, and will be handed over to the next one when leaving office. [2] When the official system of Taihe was reformed, it was agreed that the official rank was divided into nine grades, and each grade was divided into positive and subordinate grades. Subordinate products are the first in Northern Wei Dynasty. Nineteen years later, according to the standards of family background and rank, the Xianbei nobles in the northern generation were defined as surnames and clans, with the highest surnames followed by clans, including Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei. "Ancestors all drop, present respect, all princes, burning, for the next realm. The so-called four surnames are Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng, Han people in the Central Plains, and the surnames of the four counties, A, B, C and D, which seems to be true. Banding's surname further combined Xianbei nobles with Han nationality. In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River Basin, Tuoba Hong decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. Because of this, he was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng. Emperor Xiaowen was very angry and said, "The country is my country. Are you trying to stop me from fighting? "Tuoba Cheng retorted:" Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country. I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it? " Emperor Xiaowen thought for a moment and announced his retirement from the DPRK and his return to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I don't think Pingcheng is a place to use force and is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? " TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed to Wei Xiaowen's proposal. In 493 AD (the seventeenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen of Wei personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? " Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "You can't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. " A nobleman said, "as long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." "Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped, and they also want to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital. There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really couldn't figure it out and had to say, "Moving the capital is a big deal. Bad luck or bad luck, let's have a divination. Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things. "There is no doubt about moving the capital, there is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? " Noble ministers were speechless, and moving the capital to Luoyang was to imitate the beauty of our ancestors. That's settled. Tuoba GUI was the founding monarch of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Why did his son kill him? According to historical records, Tuoba GUI's negligence towards his wife, Mrs. He, is nothing more than cheating. Tuoba GUI arrested Mrs. He and planned to kill him. However, Mrs. He had a strong desire to survive, so she turned to her child Tuoba Shao for help.
It can be seen that all kinds of safety precautions did not exist when the Northern Wei Dynasty was just established, perhaps it was broken by Tuoba GUI's indiscriminate killing of innocent people. Mrs. He was Tuoba GUI's mother's sister. Tuoba GUI looks good and married her. This is not only against ethics, but also intermarriage. Children born of this kind of intermarriage are not much better.
It is said that this Tuoba Shao is fierce and cruel, and he doesn't play cards according to common sense. It is said that he is happy at the sight of blood. Besides killing small animals for fun, he often kills people. Once, after seeing a pregnant woman in the street, she stabbed the pregnant woman in the stomach with a knife and took the child out. There is no doubt that there is something wrong with the child. But in order to save his mother, Tuoba Shao was able to contact many people, enter Tuoba GUI's bedroom and kill him. Just killed dad, stupid enough not to seize the opportunity to be emperor, and was killed by the prince.
In fact, Tuoba GUI was also very powerful in his early days, and he was able to continuously open up territory for the founding of the country. He is strong and unyielding, and no one dares to provoke him. However, as he became more and more handy, he began to show the majesty of the emperor and killed his courtiers and his wife. According to historical records, Tuoba GUI likes to take a medicine called Cold Food Powder, which is said to tonify kidney and strengthen yang.
This was developed by some people in the Central Plains. In fact, it is a chronic poison plus * * *, which makes people feel excited after eating it. It is said that Tuoba GUI killed people after eating cold food powder, which is just one of them. When Tuoba GUI proclaimed himself emperor, he felt that Laozi was the best in the world, because how did an uncivilized nomadic descendant know what it was like to be emperor?
Tuoba GUI killed so many people, which is bound to cause public outrage. Tuoba GUI's people will seize an opportunity to protect themselves, and this opportunity will be taken away by Tuoba GUI's second child, Tuoba Shao.
Relationship (103) Tuoba (5)