However, due to the civil war, the execution of the king, the plague and the fire that burned down the capital, this period was also one of the most chaotic periods in British history.
At the same time, the Stuart era was also the first time when science really played its role-blind faith was replaced by logic and reason.
This is an era of collision of ideas. While some people were experimenting with witch hunting in a corner of the country, another group discovered the basic law of blood circulation.
This is also an era of contempt for rules-bold drama breaks the rules and women enter the stage for the first time in British history.
Stuart era is not only an era full of war and revolution, but also an unexpected era of innovation. Great changes in the ideological field finally laid the foundation for the development of Britain.
Scientific revolution
The Stuart era is one of the most exciting and dynamic times in human history-the scientific revolution witnessed the birth and expansion of modern science in Europe, and brought a series of progress in mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry and astronomy.
This revolution has not only changed people's views on science, but also changed people's understanding of the world, beliefs and life itself.
Since then, the old science has come to an end, and scholars have begun to look for new science to replace it.
Britain in Stuart's time made great contributions to this ideological leap, and one of the most prominent manifestations was the establishment of the Royal Society.
It was, and still is, one of the most important driving forces to promote scientific belief and discover genius.
At first, the Royal Society was just a regular gathering of intellectuals inspired by this "new science". Later, it developed into a committee to conduct experiments together.
When King charles ii discovered this exciting organization, he began to enthusiastically support them and awarded the association a royal charter.
This set a precedent for royal sponsorship and continues to this day.
With the support of the royal family, he learned to carry out experiments, publish papers and widely encourage progressive scientific ideas.
William harvey discovered that the heart drives blood to circulate in the whole body, and edmund halley discovered the orbit of Halley's comet.
This atmosphere of free thinking also gave birth to other important inventions, such as the early steam engine and pendulum clock.
People's understanding of human body operation has made remarkable progress, and their interest in medical research has also increased significantly with the establishment of the Royal College of Surgery in Edinburgh, which is famous in Europe.
It is because of this enlightened era that isaac newton, the most famous scientist in Stuart's period, can display his genius.
1687, the book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, which was first published, established three simple principles of object motion and completely changed the human world view.
Newton is also famous for his research on gravity and calculus, which provides a powerful tool for calculating mathematical equations more effectively and accurately.
But he didn't stop there. He also studied optics and discovered the spectrum.
Although not all the achievements were accepted by people at that time, Newton was still a super heavyweight in the scientific community, and he was also the first scientist to be knighted.
drama
During oliver cromwell's tenure, there was a strict Puritan ban on public performances-in fact, they were banned 18 years.
However, in 1660, the theater finally reopened and the creative arts developed rapidly in England.
This must be thanks to charles ii, who personally likes obscene words and works.
Playwrights seized the opportunity of this renaissance and created dramas of various "decadent" behaviors, from gambling to pornography.
Comedies that touch on various current affairs topics not only attract nobles, but also attract servants and the middle class to enter the theater.
Ignoring the requirements of social norms, the stage has become a place where people ridicule social elites in the name of art.
Custom comedies will also mock some people-usually a certain class-and the common stupid behaviors of that era by deliberately imitating old characters.
This dramatic revolution witnessed the appearance of the first professional actress on the stage. Before that, boys played the role of women.
The success of the theater also led to the emergence of the first performing stars, who could attract the audience just by their names.
Art and "Great Travel"
Despite the bloody civil war, the art and literature of Stuart's era still flourished.
During this period, the art became higher and higher, and Shakespeare and his plays were warmly sought after; At the same time, the masked drama specially prepared for the upper class shines brilliantly in various palaces with exquisite scenery and luxurious costumes.
Charles I's support for art is enormous, and his special preference for portraits has made many paintings handed down, showing us the luxury and fashion of the British court before the outbreak of the Civil War.
Anthony van Dyck's portrait of the king was excellent, which greatly influenced the subsequent portraits of 150.
However, after Charlie was executed, a large number of his art collections were auctioned, and religious art was also regarded as blasphemy.
But this did not extinguish the love of art in the upper class.
By the end of 17, this yearning for different artistic styles of European countries led to the emergence of "grand tour"
Many young people in the upper class take part in this kind of trip at the age of 2 1 year. It is usually regarded as a cultural rite of passage for men (and occasionally women), and its emphasis on art is admirable.
This trip to Europe can give young people a chance to learn about the cultural heritage of different cities-especially those in the classical period and the Renaissance.
It enables people who are interested in art to learn painting and sculpture techniques through first-hand materials, while for others, it has become a status symbol.
This trend continued until the rise of railway traffic around 1840.
Printing, brochures and publicity
The English Civil War around 1640 tore apart British society and changed the way people reported the war.
The conflict was the most reported event in British history at that time, but not all newspapers gave credible reports.
Weekly newspapers and disposable pamphlets are not published to report facts, but to persuade readers to take the side of publishers.
Parliamentarians gained a great advantage by occupying the printing center in London, and they used this advantage to publish satirical cartoons to attack the political ideas of royalists.
Newspapers are also used for personal attacks, such as derogating from the royalist commander Prince Rupert.
Much like today's media, propaganda during the civil war used people's inherent prejudices to attract people.
People are generally worried that foreigners are fighting for their own interests, and the parliamentary faction emphasizes and uses this to turn the public against the king.
Royalists were initially skeptical about using public support, but they soon realized the importance of media freedom.
A royalist newspaper, The Palace Courier, published once a week, often used readers' religious complex to claim that the Parliamentarians were trying to weaken the authority of the church.
Through the use of stereotypes for propaganda, the parliamentary faction has become a status quo destroyer from humble origins in people's eyes, while the royalist faction has become a violent predator, bent on grasping everyone's hands.
Almost all of these stereotypes are wrong, but their spread to this day just proves the great power of this early propaganda mode and free media.
build
Elizabethan era was famous for its exquisite country manor, but in Stuart era, the scale and complexity of architecture exceeded any previous period.
When completed, Odlind Villa is the largest private villa in Britain, even larger than the king's residence. James I cynically called it "a house that the king doesn't deserve".
Even ordinary houses are influenced by this style, and merchants' mansions are decorated with complex gypsum roofs.
This luxurious architectural style has created many of the most complex and wonderful buildings in England, but it also costs a lot of money, and many projects have become unfinished buildings because of the sudden break of the capital chain.
During the civil war, many houses were either destroyed or demolished as building materials.
However, the biggest damage to the building was the fire in London, which destroyed most of London and the whole city almost needed to be rebuilt.
Influenced by the French architecture with a special liking for charles ii, the newly-built City of London has merged many European styles.
This fascinating combination gave birth to some of the most famous and recognizable buildings in British history, such as St. Paul's Cathedral.
/kloc-The late 7th century witnessed the emergence of English Baroque architectural style. Its typical characteristics are complex decoration, curved shape, powerful lines and a lot of bright colors.
Some examples of English baroque architectural styles have been handed down to this day, such as Chatterworth Building in Peak District and Brenheim Palace in Oxfordshire.
Firefly Global History Series 033
Stuart dynasty
Filipa Grifton.
Pricing: 68.00.
china pictorial publishing house
Release date: 2022. 1