2. During the British period (18 19- 1942), the modern history of Singapore can be traced back to1the early 9th century. Britain is expanding its Indian territory and trade with China. They urgently need to find a port where their ships can berth and maintain, so as to gain an advantage in the trade competition with the Dutch. 18 18 At the end of this year, Governor Raffles established a new trading port at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. Raffles landed in the estuary of Singapore on1October 18 19 65438+29, and found that Singapore has the superior conditions to develop into a port. The waters are spacious and rarely affected by storms, and the nearby streams also have reliable and abundant water sources. Initially under the jurisdiction of British Indian colonial authorities, by 1820, Singapore began to generate profits for the British Empire. 1824, Singapore's colonial status was further established, and two new treaties were formally signed. 1826 became a colony in the Taiwan Strait. 1832, Singapore became the seat of the colonial government of the Straits. 1 April 8671day, officially became a British crown colony, directly under the jurisdiction of the colonial office in London. At the beginning of the 20th century, Singapore jumped from a marshy wasteland to become the seventh largest port in the world. 3. At the end of the Japanese occupation (1942-1945)1941,Britain completely underestimated the fighting capacity of the Japanese army until Japan unexpectedly attacked Singapore. She is a jewel in the crown of the British Empire. Singapore guards the south entrance of the Straits of Malacca, which is the shipping artery between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Its special geographical location made her a soldier. Singapore has a dense population of overseas Chinese, which is the center of the anti-Japanese movement of overseas Chinese in Nanyang. Chen Jiageng's "Nanyang Overseas Chinese Rescue Association" mobilized 8 million overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and raised a huge amount of foreign exchange of about 400 million yuan for China. At this time, the Chinese Singaporeans who fell into the jaws of death were jealous and retaliated by Japan because they had helped China to resist Japan and organized volunteers to fight bravely. The day after Pearl Harbor, Japanese troops landed in Kota Golu in northern Malaya. Only two months after the war began, the Japanese army occupied the whole Malay Peninsula and Sin Chew. 1942 15 In February, British Commander-in-Chief Bai declared unconditional surrender,13,000 British, Australian and Indian defenders became prisoners, which was the biggest catastrophe in British military history (Singapore War). After Japan took over Singapore, Singapore was renamed Zhaonan Island, from February 2008 18 to February 25 of the same year. The Japanese army launched a clean-up operation in the name of "big inspection", and the Japanese authorities set up "inspection centers" in many places. Their plan is to screen all Japanese men between the ages of 18 and 50, and eradicate all "anti-Japanese elements". In the end, the Japanese army captured about 20,000 people, most of whom were taken to the suburbs or the remote beaches of Changi and Bangor, and the rest were sent to Thailand for hard labor. The Japanese army also blackmailed overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and asked them to hand over 50 million yuan as a bonus. The reason given by Tomoko Yamashita at that time was: "Overseas Chinese supported the Chongqing government's anti-Japanese war, and this bonus is a life-saving money for you to atone for the Japanese army." After more than three years of suffering, the people of China in Singapore are all happy with the Japanese surrender. According to incomplete statistics, about 20,000 to 50,000 Japanese were killed during the three-year Japanese occupation (the Singapore Massacre). After the war, the remains of the slaughtered people were found in many places. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce in Singapore could not bear to scatter these bones in the wilderness. In the same year, it set up a restoration committee to be responsible for exploration, excavation and burial. The Singapore Peace Monument was inaugurated on February 1967, and there is a memorial service for the dead civilians every February 15 (the day of the occupation). The anti-Japanese film The Price of Peace in Singapore describes the hard days of Japanese occupation of Singapore and the anti-Japanese experience of Xinghua Volunteers. Only after watching this TV series can we have a deeper understanding of historical figures such as Chen Jiageng and Lin.
4. Towards autonomy (1945-1963)1945 September, the British army returned to Singapore; 1946 After the end of military control in March, the Straits colony was dissolved. 1 April 19461day, Singapore became a British colony. Singapore after the war is very different from that before the war. The people demanded a greater say in the government, the power of the governor was decentralized, and an advisory group composed of official and appointed unofficial people was established. The system was transformed into two independent executive and legislative meetings on July 1947, and the first election was held in Singapore on March 20th 1948. At the end of 1953, Singapore amended its constitution and enjoyed greater autonomy. 1955, Singapore held an election, and Marshall became the first chief minister of Singapore. The labor front he led formed a Coalition government with UMNO and MCA trade unions. Due to the breakdown of negotiations for full autonomy, Marshall resigned on June 6, 1956. 1957 In March, the negotiating delegation led by Lin Youfu reached an agreement on the main provisions of Singapore's new constitution in the London negotiations. 1959 Singapore further realizes autonomy. The first general election was held in May of the same year, and the People's Action Party won 43 seats in the 5 1 seat of the Legislative Assembly. On June 5th, the first government of Singapore Autonomous State was sworn in, and Lee Kuan Yew became the first prime minister of Singapore. 196 1 In May, Malayan Prime Minister Tengku abdul rahman announced that he would unite Singapore, Malaya, Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo to form a federation. In this regard, Lee Kuan Yew decided to hold a referendum, and finally 7 1% voted in favor. So, September, 1963, Singapore.
5. After the merger of Singapore and Malaysia (1963- 1965), Singapore began to have conflicts with the central government, resulting in differences in the policy of governing the country. The first public contradiction between the two governments occurred in1963+February. Lee Kuan Yew criticized Malaysia's annual budget for not giving enough budget to improve social conditions, and so did businessmen in Singapore. Bilateral Economic Contradictions 1964, 1964 In February 1964, the central government asked Singapore to increase the tax paid to the central government from 40% to 60%, and then the Malaysian Finance Minister said that this was due to the increase in the military budget caused by Indonesia's confrontational activities. In the same month, the central government announced that it would close the Singapore branch of the Bank of China, because the Bank of China was funding armed activities in Malaya. There are also political conflicts between the two places. 1963, the Coalition party composed of UMNO, MCA and Congress Party participated in the election in Singapore with the support of the central government. However, not only did the Coalition party not increase one seat, but the original three constituencies were also seized by the People's Action Party. 1September, 964, due to the sow discord between Indonesian spies, serious racial riots occurred in Singapore, with heavy casualties. The concept of "Malay supremacy" gradually moved to the center of the stage, and non-Malay political parties publicly expressed their opposition to the creed of "racism". At that time, the first Prime Minister Tengku Abdul Rahman was worried that Chinese would dominate Malaysia's political and economic environment. He believes that the best way to solve the conflict between the two ethnic groups is to make Singapore, which is dominated by Chinese, independent to ensure Malay rule. Therefore, the ruling Coalition headed by UMNO voted 126 in favor and 0 against the urgent constitutional amendment to expel Singapore and Malaysia from the country. 1On August 9, 965, Singapore broke away from Malaysia and became a sovereign, democratic and independent country. 1965 On February 22nd, Singapore became a republic and Yusov bin Isaac became the first president. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Singaporeans' sense of collective crisis became the driving force of economic miracle, and the people learned to survive in adversity by hard work.
6. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (1965-present), Singapore has sought international recognition after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In September of the same year, Singapore joined the United Nations on 2 1 and 10, and Singapore established ASEAN in June 1967. In order to survive and develop, Singapore has started a series of measures to develop industry and economy. 196 1 The Economic Development Bureau was established to implement the national economic development policy and attach importance to the manufacturing industry. Jurong Industrial Zone was formally established, and light industrial bases were established in Leng, Dabayao and other places. In order to attract foreign investment, the government decided to give preferential treatment to foreign enterprises. In the same year, the Economic Development Bureau was reorganized, and Jurong Town Administration and Singapore Development Bank were also present. Although Singapore's domestic political freedom space was gradually suppressed, it achieved rapid economic development and soon became an important financial and entrepot trade center in Southeast Asia and one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia" at that time. At the same time, the living standards of Singaporeans have been greatly improved, and problems such as housing, education and transportation have been solved. 1990165438+1On October 28th, Goh Chok Tong took over from Lee Kuan Yew who had been in power since 1959 and became the second Prime Minister of Singapore. 1On August 28th, 1993, Singapore held its first democratically elected presidential election. Wang Dingchang became the first democratically elected president and Nathan became the second democratically elected president in Singapore.