In the first year of Liao Tianxian (926), Emperor Lu Ye Abao destroyed the Bohai Sea, which was once a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty. Some Jurchen moved south with Bohai people and merged into Liao country, which was called "mature Jurchen" by Liao government. However, the Nuzhen who stayed in her hometown did not enter the Liao country, and the Liao people called her a "natural Nuzhen".
In the middle and late Liao Dynasty, the "Wanyan Department" of the Jurchen fishing and hunting tribe gradually became stronger. They built huts, ended their wandering fishing and hunting life, and settled in Jiaochu Lake (now Ashe River). Engaged in agricultural production on a large scale, mastered the technology of smelting iron, and appeared aristocratic class and private property, and the class differentiation was very obvious. At that time, there were even a series of customary laws that stipulated that murderers should pay compensation to cattle and horses, and began to transition to class society. When Wuguhan (102 1 ~ 1074) was a tribal chief, he established a government and began to unify various departments of Jurchen. He was elected as "extremely fierce" by various departments of Jurchen, and at the same time accepted the title of "Our Jurchen Department" granted by Liao Dynasty, becoming a tribal regime under Liao Dynasty and hereditary. By the time Ying Ge became the capital, other Jurchen tribes were forbidden to claim to be extremely powerful, while those who were good at trusting cards were ruled by law, gradually strengthening the centralization of tribes.
At the end of Liao Dynasty, Akuta (1068 ~ 1 123), the leader of Wanyan Department, began to rise up against the cruel rule of the Liao Dynasty on Jurchen. 1 165438 established the imperial court, which was called "Da Nvzhen" and later renamed. The Jin Dynasty destroyed Liao in 1 125, and the Northern Song Dynasty in 1 127, becoming a feudal dynasty in northern China, confronting the Southern Song Dynasty and Xixia, and placing the southern Xing 'an Mountains and the lower reaches of Heilongjiang under the direct jurisdiction of the Jin Dynasty.
Jurchen used the Khitan script as official script before the establishment of the Jin Dynasty. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Khitan script was used to create Jurchen script, which was different in size from Jurchen script. Like Chinese, Jurchen script became the common script of Jin Dynasty. Because few people are familiar with Jurchen characters, they are only used by court nobles. Nvzhen established her own court music and ritual system by imitating the system of Liao Dynasty and Song Dynasty, and established court dress and sacrifice system by imitating the official system of Liao Dynasty. After being awarded the title of Confucius in Beijing, he became the "Duke of Feast" and opened the imperial examination to recruit and support the literati class to serve in the court.
In order to strengthen the rule of the Han nationality, the Jin Dynasty moved Meng 'an Moke (a military household-equivalent to the later Eight Banners) to all parts of the Central Plains, which made him live together with the Han nationality, accelerated the feudalization of the Nuzhen, and also prompted the Nuzhen to further accept the highly developed feudal economy and culture in the Central Plains. By the time of Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains Jurchen had completely assimilated with the Han nationality, and widely used Chinese, Han surname and Hanfu, which made her national characteristics gradually disappear from the Central Plains. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jurchen, Bohai people, Khitan people and Koreans who migrated to all parts of the Central Plains and scattered in Liaodong were regarded as Han people together with the Han people in northern China, and were classified as third-class species in the Yuan Dynasty. Jin Dynasty is one of the ethnic minority regimes with a high degree of sinicization in history.
However, the Jurchen who stayed in the northeast frontier still made a living by fishing and hunting, and the social development was slow, and some of them were still in the primitive stage. In Yuan Dynasty, there were five military and civilian residences in Yilan, Heilongjiang, including Wen Tao, Hulige, Tuowo, Duotuo and Bo Gu River. Houses in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and northern Heilongjiang, Nuzhen Shuida Road and the Nuzhen tribe under the jurisdiction of Zhengdong Yuanshuai House are part of Nuzhen fishing and hunting life. This part is the ancestors of Manchu people later.
After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, the Sinicized Nuzhen who moved to the mainland and the tribal Nuzhen who lived in the northeast were completely cut off in culture and blood. About one million Nuzhen people in the mainland were compiled by the Yuan court as Han families, mainly living in Henan, Shandong and other places, and their original national characteristics have long since disappeared. (Today, most surnames such as Yu and Liao in Shandong are descendants of Jin and Yuan Nuzhen. )
From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Ming Dynasty, the Nuzhen in the vast area of Northeast China was divided into three parts by the Ming government: Jianzhou, Haixi and Donghai (savage). Jurchen in Jianzhou was originally distributed in Mudanjiang, Suifenhe and Changbai Mountain. Hercynian Nuzhen is distributed in today's Songhua River basin; The East China Sea Jurchen is scattered in Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island. From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Ming Dynasty, the Ming government set up health clinics and health centers in the residence of Nuzhen, which gradually increased. Later, there were as many as 384 health clinics and health centers, which were always under the name of the capital of slave children in the imperial court. The governors of health care institutions, such as viceroy, viceroy, tongzhi, main book, thousands of households and hundreds of households, are all ministers of Jurchen ministries. The Ming court granted a seal, requiring regular visits to Beijing to report on work and pay tribute. And has opened horse markets in Guangning, Kaiyuan, Fushun, Qinghe, □ Yang, Kuandian and other places for trading. This kind of guard is called detention guard station, so it is still controlled by Liaodong headquarters. Hercynian Jurchen also lost an official of the Ming Dynasty. During the twenty years from the ninth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (141) to the eighth year of Xuande (1433), she was appointed as a slave by the court for many times (in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang). In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13) and the 8th year of Xuande, Yongning Temple was rebuilt (Trang Ancient City at the intersection of Henggunhe River, near the estuary of Heilongjiang Province) and erected in front of the temple twice. The former is called "The Story of Yongning Temple", and the latter is called "The Story of Yongning Temple Reconstruction", which records the establishment process of Nuer Daitu and Yongning Temple in detail. There are four characters engraved on the tablet: Han, Nuzhen, Mongolia and Tibetan. The titles are all headed by Isha, and there are dozens of people below, including Han nationality, Nuzhen nationality, Mongolia and other ethnic groups, which is a historical witness that the northeastern territory of the Ming Dynasty and the various parts of Nuzhen are locals of the Ming Dynasty.
Among the ministries of Jurchen in the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen tribe in Jianzhou, Yuan Huli changed to be lazy, and chiefs Ahachu and MongTimur led their troops back to Yongle in the early Ming Dynasty. The emperor issued a letter and successively set up three guards (Jianzhou Guard, Jianzhou Left Guard and Jianzhou Right Guard), and set up a viceroy to govern. The hospitals in Haixi later developed into Yehe, Huifa, Hada and Wula. Influenced by the Nuzhen in the East China Sea, Jianzhou and Haixi moved south one after another. During Jiajing period (1522 ~ 1566), Jianzhou Nuzhen belonged to Suzihe area east of Fushun today. The four parts of Haixi are scattered in the Huifa River basin north of Kaiyuan. The productivity of Jianzhou and Haixi developed rapidly, and the farming technology was relatively improved. Iron tools and Niu Geng were widely used, and quickly changed from gathering and hunting economy to agricultural economy, and entered the development stage from slavery to feudalism. Ministers are called Baylor and Beizi. They have a large number of slaves (Aha) and become slave owners (Erzhen), while a large number of Orion who have left the grassland jungle began to reclaim land and become farmers' civilians, which is called Ilgen. Yongning Temple Monument and Nuergan Monument, which set up the health center, have related records in Chinese and Jurchen on the back, which are treasures in Jurchen written materials.
In the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nuerhachi, the sixth Sun of Mongolian timur, rose up and unified the ministries of the country. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), the Ming court made Nuerhachi the viceroy, promoted him to the left viceroy, and later awarded General Longhu. Nurhachi successively annexed four parts of the Haixi, conquered the Nuzhen in the East China Sea and unified the Nuzhen departments scattered in the Northeast. In the process of unification, Nurhachi improved the original hunting production organization form of Nuzhen Lu Niu and created the Eight Banners, a social organization with military and political integration. In the first year of the mandate of heaven (16 16), Nurhachi betrayed the Ming Dynasty, calling himself the Great Khan, and took the extinct "Jin" as the country name, which was called the later Jin in history. At present, there are great differences about the social nature of the Jin period before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the discussion is developing in depth.
In the eleventh year of the mandate of heaven (1626), Nurhachi was shot to death in the battle of Ningyuan. His eighth son, Huang Taiji, succeeded to the throne of Great Khan, and changed the Eight Banners' "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria" in the ninth year of Tiancong (1635). From then on, Manchuria took the place of Nuzhen as the surname, and other Nuzhen ministries except the Eight Banners also took Hezhe and Hezhe as their surnames respectively. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang taiji changed his country name to Qing, made Shenyang his capital, and finally unified China, becoming the last feudal dynasty in the history of China.
During the reign of the Qing Dynasty, like the original Jin Dynasty, Manchu and Manchu among the Banners were gradually forgotten, and their national characteristics gradually disappeared, blending with all ethnic groups in the Central Plains. From the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to the demise of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu banners lost their original dominant position, gradually changed their genealogy and changed their names to Han surnames. For example, the common surnames in Manchu, such as Guan and Tan, are the original Guaerjia and Tata.
Today, nobody can speak or listen to Manchu. Only some Manchu descendants living in Russia can say a few words. Manchu has actually become another cultural successor of Han nationality.