1274, Song Duzong died of alcoholism and alcoholism. At the age of four, Zhao? With the support of treacherous court official Jia Sidao, he became emperor and got a good title for Song Gongdi. Grandmother thanked the Empress Dowager, and mother was the Empress Dowager, listening to politics. But the military power is still in Jia Sidao's hands.
At that time, the Mongolian Yuan Army had captured the northern half of China. After controlling Xiangfan City, the most important passage in the south, it crossed the Yangtze River and headed for Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. On the one hand, Queen Xie ordered the country to be a "diligent king", and on the other hand, she begged for peace with the Yuan Army. The sweeping Yuan Army is breaking through the defense lines around the country and handing over the states in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River one after another. 1275, 30,000 troops led by Jia Sidao were defeated by the Yuan Army in Wuhu. Soon after, Xie, under the oppression of the whole country, had to kill Jia Sidao, but it was too late. The Song Dynasty is dead, and its demise is inevitable.
In the middle of the same year, the Yuan Army had occupied more than half of Jiangdong (now Jiangsu Province).
12761October 18 yuan arrived in Lin 'an with troops led by him. The court in the Southern Song Dynasty failed to make peace and had to surrender to the Yuan Army. In the same year, Empress Xie held Zhao Xiancheng, a five-year-old emperor, and surrendered to the Yuan Army. Later, the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty fought against the Yuan Dynasty in Fujian, Guangdong and other places. Finally, in 1279, Zhao Min, an eight-year-old emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, was cornered by the Yuan Army and had to jump into the sea and die. The Southern Song Dynasty finally perished.
After Song Gongdi was captured, he was named Duke Ying by the Yuan Dynasty. When Kublai Khan arrived in Yuan Shizu in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1289), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu suddenly gave Zhao Xian, who was 19 years old, a lot of money and told him to become a monk in Tibet. As a result, Song Gongdi, the little emperor of that year, became a monk, made many contributions to the Buddhist community and translated many Buddhist scriptures.
When Zhao Xian grew up, he became interested in Tibetan Buddhism. At the age of eighteen, with the support of Kublai Khan, he became a monk at Sakya Temple in Tibet. After learning Tibetan, Rabtson translated two Chinese Buddhist works, The Theory of Hundred Dharmas and The Theory of Correcting Ming Dynasty, into Tibetan.
Later, in the third year of Zhi Zhi, Yuan Yingzong (1323), Zhao Xian knew his previous identity and wrote:
Message to Lin Hejing, How long will the plum blossom last?
Guests under the golden platform should not come back.
This poem fully shows his yearning for the Southern Song Dynasty, and expresses Zhao Xian's condemnation of the Yuan government's unreasonable attack on the Southern Song Dynasty, thus violating the literary inquisition. Later, the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty found out and was furious. He ordered Zhao Xian to be executed. He died at 53.
Regarding the end of Song Gongdi's recruitment of sages, there is a sentence in the Chinese version of Buddhist Biography: "In April of the third year of Zhi Zhi (1323), Ying Gong died in Hexi, calling a monk to receive Confucian classics."
Zhao Xian's Life Experience
In July of the 10th year of Xianchun (1274), Du Zong died, leaving three underage sons: Zhao Min, born by Yang Suo, was 7 years old, Zhao Xian, born by Quan Huang, was 4 years old, and Zhao Min, born by Yu Xiurong, was 3 years old.
Queen Xie called the ministers to discuss the establishment of the emperor. Everyone thought that Zhao Min born to Yang should be a little older, but both Jia Sidao and Empress Xie advocated having a son, so out of respect, Zhao Xian was made emperor. At this time, Emperor Gong was still young, and Empress Xie listened to the government, but the real power of the imperial court was still in the hands of Prime Minister Jia Sidao. During the reign of Li Zong and Du Zong, the demise of the Song Dynasty was irreversible. Less than two years after Emperor Gong ascended the throne, Song Ting surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin, the great ancestor of Song Dynasty, won it from the orphans and widows of Zhou Dynasty, and finally lost it to the orphans and widows. Later generations wrote poems and quipped:
When he was in Chen Qiaoyi that day, he cheated his orphans and widows.
Who knows that more than 300 years later, orphans and widows were also bullied.
Orphans and Widows: The Death of Southern Song Dynasty
When Zhao Xian ascended the throne, the Song Dynasty was in jeopardy. Mongolian fighters went south, and the situation was out of control, and the rule of the Song Dynasty was paralyzed.
In September of the tenth year of Xianchun, the Yuan Army launched a general attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. In December, Bo Yan marched into Ezhou, defeated the defenders of Hubei and Han led by Xia Gui, the general of Song Dynasty, and Hanyang and Ezhou fell one after another. Some soldiers were left to guard Ezhou, and they led the main force themselves, together with the surrendered Song Dynasty land, as the front line, and continued to advance eastward. The defenders of the cities along the Yangtze River are mostly the old army of Lu. Wherever the Yuan army went, these people defected in succession, and the Yuan army was able to break through the Yangtze River defense line smoothly. In the spring of the first year of Deyou (1275), Anqing and Chizhou military towns were captured, and the troops arrived at the gates of Jiankang.
After the fall of Ezhou, the Yangtze River defense line was opened, and there was a major earthquake inside and outside the Southern Song government. All walks of life in Beijing pinned their hopes on Jia Sidao, calling on the "minister of division and public affairs" to personally levy, hoping that he could achieve "reconstruction" like Li Zongchao. Jia Sidao had to set up a Doudufu in Lin 'an to prepare for war. Liu Zheng, commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, was originally a junior in the Song Dynasty. At the end of Li Zong's reign, Jia Sidao promoted "planned method" among military commanders to exclude dissidents. Liu Zheng used the "tactic method" to persecute his boss and was forced to surrender to Mongolia. Jia Sidao clearly knows Liu Zheng's ability. Afraid of Liu Zheng, I dare not send troops. It was not until the first month of the first year of Deyou that he heard that Liu Zheng had died that he happily said, "I am blessed." Gong Di, please get out.
Jia Sidao dispatched more than 65,438+10,000 soldiers from all walks of life, loaded with countless gold silks, armor and supplies, and even left the capital with his wives and concubines. The front line stretched for hundreds of miles (about 40 kilometers today). In February, I went to Wuhu to see Xia Gui. When Xia Guiyi met Jia Sidao, he drew a piece of paper from his sleeve, which read: "320 years of Song Dynasty." The implication is that the Song Dynasty lasted for nearly 320 years, and the national situation was exhausted. Don't get yourself killed for this. Jia Sidao nodded tacitly.
After Jia Sidao went to the front line, he led the rear troops to station in Lugang, ordered the general Sun Huchen to lead the former troops to station in Dingjiazhou in the lower reaches of Chizhou, and Xia Gui led 350,000 warships to cross the river. Jia Sidao knew the bravery of the Mongolian army well and dared not confront it head-on. He also fantasized about making peace with Kublai Khan in the year of Qingyuan (1259), so he ordered the release of prisoners of the Yuan Dynasty and sent litchi, oranges and other things to Bo Yan, hoping to achieve peace through tribute. But at this time, the goal of the Yuan Army was to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty, and the request for peace was flatly rejected. When the two armies were at war, Bo Yan broke through two lines of defense, Sun Huchen and Xia Gui, and reached Lugang. Song Jun was defeated and many people died. When the river turned red, Jia Shidao fled to Yangzhou.
Jia Sidao was placed in Pingzhang military affairs, commanding various military forces. He regarded it as a "teacher and minister" and all ministers regarded it as a "Duke of Zhou", but he was so vulnerable that people sarcastically said:
A gong sounded on Ding Jiazhou, scaring off Jia myna.
The news was full of admiration, and Duke Zhou became Zhou's woman.
After Jia Sidao lost the election, he became the target of public criticism, and there were strong calls for the execution of Jia Sidao in the ruling and opposition circles. Empress Xie thinks that Jia Sidao has worked hard for three dynasties and cannot lose the courtesy of treating ministers because of his sins. He only demoted Jia Sidao to Ambassador Yingzhong of Gaozhou, followed the state government for resettlement, and confiscated his property. When he arrived in Zhangzhou, Jia Sidao was killed by Zheng Huchen, a prison officer, at Mumian Temple, ending his life of usurping power and wrong country.
After the battle of Lugang, the troops in the Southern Song Dynasty suffered heavy losses and their morale was seriously frustrated. Bo Yan continues to sink eastward along the Yangtze River. In October of the first year of Deyou, the Yuan Army advanced from Jiankang to Lin 'an in three ways. Bo Yan led the China army to attack Changzhou. Changzhou is located in the traffic artery, guarding the gateway of Lin 'an, and its strategic position is very important. Bo Yan invested 200,000 troops here, and Changzhou is well known for Chen Yaoying and Tongguan Chen Ying fighting bravely. Bo Yan drove the residents outside the city to fill the moat with earth, and even used earth movers as heaps, and finally built dikes around the city. 1 1 month 18, yuan army general attack. Two days later, Changzhou City was breached. The Yuan army carried out a brutal massacre, killing and injuring tens of thousands of people, and only a few survived. The Changzhou Massacre produced the deterrent effect that Mongolian invaders hoped for. Later, when the Yuan army approached Pingjiang, the garrison commander at Pingjiang surrendered without fighting.
With the approaching of Mongolian fighters, people in Lin 'an Prefecture were in panic, and a large number of people tried to escape from the capital, especially the officials of the imperial court, who took the lead to escape in order to save their lives. Dozens of ministers, including Zeng, who knew the Privy Council, fled overnight. Privy Council officials who signed the book, Weng, Privy Council official Ni Pu and others secretly instructed Yushitai and Jianyuan to impeach themselves in order to leave and escape. Before Yu Shizhang signed it, the two of them had already fled first. Empress Xie severely condemned these disloyal ministers and wrote: "I have been treating literati with courtesy for more than 300 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty. Now how difficult it is for me and the new king who succeeded to the throne, you big and small courtiers don't see anyone calling for saving the country. Bureaucrats rebelled, and the county magistrate abandoned the printing and lost the market. The eyes and ears department could not correct it for me. In 23 years, when I was in power, I couldn't advocate collective labor, so I colluded inside and outside and fled at night. Reading sage books on weekdays, what's the promise! However, at this time, I made this move. Why should I die facing people? " However, the queen mother's condemnation was so pale and powerless under the threat of Mongolian fighters that it could not arouse the confidence of domestic and foreign officials in fighting for the Song Dynasty. After a short truce in the first month of Deyou's second year, only six officials appeared in court. The escape of officials disrupted the morale of the soldiers and civilians, which made it impossible for the Song Dynasty to organize effective resistance, and the royal family fell into an isolated situation.
Jia sidao, who embarrassed the country, has been removed from office. At this time, if the court can cheer up and appoint a good minister, the situation may be reversed. But at this time, the court made another serious mistake, that is, appointed Chen as the prime minister. Under the auspices of Chen, the Song Dynasty finally fell into the abyss of invulnerability. Chen is a two-faced man, arrogant and cynical. He is used to making high-sounding and high-profile remarks, condemning any compromise and concession. Chen was cited by Jia Sidao, but after Jia Sidao's defeat, he was the first to put Jia Sidao to death, in order to improve his reputation, and he was not ashamed. The commander-in-chief ordered Han Zhen to move the capital in front of the palace, and he even tricked him into his own house to kill him.
Chen has long gained power and improved his prestige through this grandstanding performance and rhetoric, but in fact he is an indecisive coward who pretends to be a hero. At the turn of spring and summer in the first year of Deyou, when the war was the fiercest, he was asked to go to the front to supervise the war, but he hesitated and refused to go out of the city. Obviously, it is impossible for Chen to risk his life for the Song Dynasty. In July, he left Lin 'an and fled to the southern coastal area far from the front line, asking the court to arrange his post in this area. He refused the imperial court's order to return to Korea, so the queen mother was helpless and wrote to her mother herself. With the intervention of his mother, Chen returned to work in the capital. College students strongly criticized Chen's escape behavior, accusing him of being timid, timid, an exaggerated two-faced man and a traitor like Jia Sidao.
When Chen was in power, he wavered between peace and war and could not make a decision. He shouted all kinds of rhetoric verbally, but in fact he was timid and didn't have the courage and talent to fight to the death with the Yuan Army. At the end of the first year of Deyou, the situation became more and more unfavorable to the Song Dynasty, and there was no room for manoeuvre except complete surrender. Wen Tianxiang and Zhang Shijie proposed to move their capital to the southeast for the last chance. Timid Chen refused this suggestion and made peace with all his heart. On the 18th day of the first month of the second year of Deyou, Queen Xie sent Yang Yingkui, a minister, to present an imperial edict to the Yuan Army, begging for the virtue of heaven and leniency to the royal family in the Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty asked for an interview with the Prime Minister. Chen was frightened by this request, so he abandoned the queen mother and the young emperor again and fled Lin 'an overnight.
After Chen escaped, Mongolian fighters had arrived in Enemy at the Gates, and the situation was irreversible. Empress Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang as the right prime minister and sent a special envoy of the Tang Dynasty to the Mongolian military camp to negotiate. Wen Tianxiang Lin Biao was detained, and Empress Xie was sent to an embassy.
On the fifth day of February, Lin 'an Imperial City held a surrender ceremony, and Zhao Xian officially abdicated. On March 2, Bo Yan entered Lin 'an as a winner. Yuan Shizu wrote several letters to Bo Yan, asking him to send this and his subjects to Dadu as soon as possible. Zhao Tong's mother left Lin 'an with several attendants and embarked on a journey to Dadu. Queen Xie didn't go with her because of illness, but she soon set off for the north under the pressure of the Yuan army. At this point, the Zhao and Song Dynasties, which lasted nearly 320 years, officially ended.
Legend of Emperor Shun Di of Palace
Legend has it that Yuan Shundi is the son of Song Gongdi.
There is a legend that when Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty to offer sacrifices to emperors of past dynasties, he always felt that the image of Yuan Shundi, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, was very similar to that of Han people, similar to Zhao Xianchang of Song Gongdi.
Later, it was discovered that Yuan Shundi's mother had been to Tibet, stayed for several months, and consulted Zhao Xian about Buddhist laws and regulations. Later, the emperor mistakenly recruited her into the palace, and soon she became pregnant, which became Yuan Shundi.
Later, Zhu Yuanzhang let Yuan Shundi live in the desert and did not intend to destroy him.
Monk Gondi
Song Gongdi's name is Zhao Xian, the second son of Song Duzong, who was born by the Empress Allure, and was born in 127 1. When the Southern Song Dynasty was in turmoil, the strong military pressure of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty threatened the survival of the Southern Song Dynasty all the time. However, in the imperial court, a fatuous prime minister was in power. He is the emperor's uncle? Such as Tao. For his own sake, he secretly blocked the news of the Yuan Army's attack, so that Xiangyang City was besieged for six years, but the court did not know it. Until 1273, Xiangyang city was broken, and the Southern Song Dynasty had opened its doors wide. 1274, 200,000 yuan troops marched in and swept the south of the Yangtze River. And just then, Song Duzong died, four-year-old Zhao Xian acceded to the throne, which is ready and emperor. Because he was too young, Empress Xie was appointed to the throne. At this time? Unable to hide the secret, he was forced to lead130,000 troops to fight against the Yuan army, and was defeated, and was later killed among the demoted disciples. After this battle in the Southern Song Dynasty, the regular army was actually finished. The imperial court had to issue a "funeral edict" to all localities, calling on all parties in the world to send troops to serve the king quickly. Wen Tianxiang, then the governor of Ganzhou, organized an army of about 10,000 people and joined forces with Zhang Shijie in Lin 'an. However, after all, the strength was far from each other. At that time, a large number of ministers and officials surrendered to the Yuan Army. Yuan army soon killed Lin 'an at the gates. As a political threat, the Yuan Army carried out a massacre in Changzhou, leaving only seven people alive. 1276, Empress Dowager Xie sent Wen Tianxiang to the Yuan Army camp to make peace. After the talks broke down, seeing Lin 'an really couldn't keep it, he had to surrender to the Yuan army to offer the city. Bo Yan, commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army, sent Dong Wenbing.
, Lu, into the city to appease the people, prohibit killing and looting, close the warehouse, and confiscate Song Ting? Crown, Guibi, rituals, pictures and a large number of treasures and cultural relics. When Xian Zhao was less than six years old, she was inexplicably sent to Beijing with her mother, grandmother and other court officials and court personnel. At this point, the Southern Song Dynasty court perished.
Zhao Xian arrived in Beijing. Soon, Kublai Khan summoned him and named him lord protector. Empresses and Empresses Xie have been knighted, and they are basically very important. Southern Song Dynasty is different from Jin State. Mongols have no direct hatred for the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Mongols destroyed the State of Jin, all the imperial families of Hong Yan were killed, leaving no one behind.
However, after Zhao and his relatives surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was basically harmless. This can be seen from the continuous surrender of Mongols to the Southern Song Dynasty since the start of the Mongolian-Song War. Some people say that it was the kindness of the Mongols that made Yuan Shundi and his imperial clan safely return to the desert when Zhu Yuanzhang rose up against the Yuan Dynasty 100 years later.
Although Zhao Xian and his mother are still living a well-fed life in Beijing, they are watched everywhere and have no leisure at all times. Moreover, the situation in the south is not yet stable. Wen Tianxiang refused to lower the RMB. When he was detained in the negotiations, he secretly fled back to Jiangnan and mobilized troops against Yuan again. For a time, Jiangnan and even the Central Plains stood side by side. The Yuan Army sent 400,000 troops to suppress it. Two years later, Wen Tianxiang was captured by Yuan General Zhang Hongfan in Guangdong. In view of this man's great influence among the people, Kublai Khan wanted to surrender him to appease the people. Zhang Hongfan and former Prime Minister Liu of the Southern Song Dynasty were sent to surrender. The third time, Zhao Xian was called to surrender. When Wen Tianxiang saw the arrival of the eight-year-old "First Emperor", he was a monarch and minister, and today he is a prisoner. Feeling this, I wept bitterly and knelt on the ground in the north, saying only four words: "Please come back, Holy Driver". When Zhao Xian saw this situation, he was "speechless" and stayed there, not knowing what to say, but not knowing. Later, the prime ministers of the Yuan Dynasty, Kyle Polo and Kublai Khan, could not surrender to Wen Tianxiang. In the end, they had to fulfill his loyalty.
To be sure, the confinement life in Beijing must be boring and monotonous. Moreover, after Zhao Xian was captured, there were few historical records, only some bits and pieces. According to records, 1282, Zhao Xian 12 years old, was sent from Beijing to live in Kaiping, Shangdu for six years. 1288, Kublai Khan "gave Zhao Xianbai ingot banknotes". But Kublai Khan
At this time, I don't intend to support them any more, and I intend to find them a "promising" career. 10 days later, the decision came out. "Zhao Xian, Duke Ying, studied Buddhism in Tufan", and his mother and queen were ordered to become a nun. A mother and son were arranged to become monks by the Yuan Dynasty. Since then, they have separated.
Zhao Xianxiu studied Buddhism in Tufan, which is Tibet. Since then, there is no record in China's history books, but there are occasional traces in Tibetan materials. Zhao Xian 19 years old became a monk at the Lama Temple in Tibet and was awarded the title of "Harmony". From then on, in order to forget yesterday's sadness, he concentrated on learning Tibetan. Sure enough, not to mention many things, Zhao's cultural literacy has this inheritance. In a few years, Zhao Xian became famous in the field of Tibetan Buddhism. He became a translator who translated Chinese Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan, and also served as the general director of Sakya Temple. He became a master of Buddhism in Tibet at that time, giving lectures everywhere and devoting himself to studying Buddhism all his life. Later, he translated One Hundred Ways to Enlighten People and the profound Theory of Knowing Righteousness, and left an inscription on the title page, claiming to be "the magic weapon to become a monk of the king of Dahan" and was listed as a master translator by Tibetan historians. Become a historical miracle.
Later, there was a legend that when Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty and offered sacrifices to emperors of past dynasties, he always felt that the image of Yuan Shundi, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, was very similar to that of Han people, similar to Zhao Xianchang of Song Gongdi. Later, it was discovered that Yuan Shundi's mother had been to Tibet, stayed for several months, and consulted Zhao Xian about Buddhist laws and regulations. Later, the yin was wrong and the yang was wrong.
Poor thing, the emperor recruited her into the palace, and soon she became pregnant, which became Yuan Shundi. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang let Yuan Shundi live in the desert and did not intend to destroy him.
Regarding the end of Song Gongdi's recruitment of sages, there is a sentence in the Chinese version of "Records of Buddha's Past Dynasties": "In April of the third year of Zhi Zhi, I gave a gift to the Duke of Aying and died in Hexi, ordering all the monks to study Confucian classics and collect Confucian classics." Some people think: "In the third year from Yingzong to Zhi Zhi, the British Duke was awarded to die in Hexi." However, some people think that "giving to Ying Guogong" is an independent word, not being given.
The meaning of death. At least from the text, you can't see that Song Gongdi died suddenly, and the "writing letters and learning from Confucian scholars" behind it was the courtesy of the court. In any case, in the third year of Yuan Yingzong's rule, namely 1323, Song Gongdi ended his Lama career and 47 years of prisoner life, and he was 54 years old this year. Counting down, he settled in Tibet for 35 years, during which he never set foot in the hometown of the Central Plains and Jiangnan!
In the spring, summer, autumn and winter of thirty-five years, in the earth-rock temple mixed with the sweetness of snow and the fragrance of butter, will the memories of the old country occasionally come to mind in the chanting schedule after the stars and the moon? Is it as bleak as when Li Houzhu Pinglan Building "the old country can't bear to look back on the moonlit night"? Is it like the hazy memory of ancestor Song Huizong Evonne who was covered with ice and snow alone in the Five Kingdoms City? Did Song Taizong, who was imprisoned in Li Houzhu, ever expect that his descendants would have this home? One is weathered in Beihai, and the other is chanting in Tibet? Unless ... Li Houzhu's deliberate behavior? In the Lama Temple on the high mountain, monks sitting on the floor know the lotus leaves of the West Lake and the plum blossoms in Lin 'an. Do you know which temple is under the oil lamp? Is it true that the mother who moved the pearl was blown away by the cold wind on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau?
Note 1: For details, please refer to the Legacy of Zhao Xian, the Young Emperor of Southern Song Dynasty.
Note 2: Zhao's "xian" is not the word "xian".