1. Describe the biological stage: before the 20th century.
2. Experimental biology stage: 1900- 1953 rediscovery of Mendel's genetic law.
3. Molecular biology stage:1953 Establishment of DNA molecular double helix structure model-
Second, the history of the development of biological science mentioned in high school textbooks.
The first compulsory book
1. Cell theory: 65438+put forward by German botanist Schleiden and zoologist Wang Shi in 1930s. It is pointed out that cells are the basic units of all animal and plant structures. (P3)
2. Chromatin: The term chromatin was first put forward by German biologist Wald, which mainly refers to substances in the nucleus that are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes, so it is called chromatin. (page 32)
3. Totipotency of plant cells: 1958, American scientist Steward cultured some cells in the phloem of carrot, which eventually developed into complete new plants due to cell differentiation. (P4 1)
4. Discovery of enzyme: 1773, an Italian scientist Spalanzani designed an ingenious experiment to prove that the stomach has the function of chemical digestion; 1836, the German scientist Wang Shi extracted protein-digesting substance (pepsin) from gastric juice. During 1926, sumner, an American scientist, extracted the crystals of urease from the seeds of canavalia, and confirmed that urease is a kind of protein through experiments. In 1980s, American scientists Cech and Altman discovered that a few RNA also had biocatalysis. (45 pages)
5. Discovery of photosynthesis: 177 1 year, British scientist priestley pointed out through experiments that plants can renew the air; 1864 german scientist saxophone's experiment proved that green leaves produce starch in photosynthesis. 1880, an ingenious experiment by engelmann, an American scientist, proved that O2 was released from chloroplasts, and chloroplasts were the place where green plants carried out photosynthesis. In 1930s, the isotope labeling experiments of American scientists Rubin and Carmen proved that the oxygen released by photosynthesis came from water. (P53)
6. Discovery of auxin: Darwin 1880 phototropism experiment speculated that something might be produced at the top of coleoptile, which would have a certain effect on the lower part of coleoptile under single light; 1928, the experiment of Dutch scientist Winter came to the conclusion that the top of the coleoptile did produce some substances, which were transported from the top to the bottom to promote the growth of some parts below the coleoptile. 1934, Dutch scientist Guo Ge and others isolated this substance from some plants and identified it as indoleacetic acid. (page 80)
7. Cloning Mammals:1On February 7, 1997, Nature reported that British biologist wilmot successfully cloned a little ewe named Dolly from sheep somatic cells (breast cells) for the first time. Prior to this, China biologists used embryonic cells as donor cells to breed cloned cattle and cloned rabbits. However, this is Dolly's breakthrough in technology. (P 10 1)
8. Development of the third germ layer of gastrula: 1929, German embryologist vogt designed an ingenious experiment, in which agar slices were dyed with non-toxic dyes, and then the slices were closely attached to the surface of early gastrula, thus obtaining the development of the third germ layer; In recent years, animal embryologists have studied the development of the third germ layer of gastrula by isotope labeling and other methods, and achieved ideal results. (P 1 1 1)
Compulsory book 2
9. Transformation experiment of pneumococcus: The transformation experiment of pneumococcus by British scientist Griffith in 1928 pointed out that the S-type bacteria killed by heating must contain some transformation factor; From 65438 to 0944, experiments by American scientist Avery and his colleagues showed that the transforming factor was DNA. In other words, DNA is genetic material, but protein is not. (P3)
10. Phage infection experiment: 1952 hershey and Chase's T2 phage infection experiment further proved that DNA is genetic material. Isotope labeling method was also used in this experiment. The key design idea of this experiment is to separate DNA from protein and observe the function of DNA directly and independently. (P4)
11.Double helix structure of DNA: 1953, American scientist Watson and British scientist Crick both proposed the double helix structure model of DNA molecules. Watson, Crick and Wilkins won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. (Page 8)
12. Basic laws of heredity: Austrian geneticist Mendel used peas as experimental materials to reveal two basic laws of heredity for the first time. There are four main reasons for Mendel's success: ① Correct selection of peas as experimental materials; (2) The research method from single factor to multi-factor is adopted for character analysis; ③ Analyze the experimental results by statistical method; ④ Scientifically design the test program. (page 33)
13. Discovery of color blindness: 18 century Dalton, a famous British chemist and physicist, was the first person to discover color blindness and the first patient to be discovered. People call color blindness Dalton's disease in memory of him. (page 39)
14. IVF:1On July 25th, 978, a British woman gave birth to the first "IVF" in human history, which was essentially the product of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. (page 57)
15. Quantitative analysis of energy flow: 1942, American ecologist Lin Deman made a quantitative analysis of the energy flow in Lake Seidberg and put forward the "one-tenth rule" of energy flow. (page 90)
Selected works of Quan Yi
16. bacterial DNA recombination: 1973 American scientist Cohen and others transferred the DNA of one bacterium into another bacterium, which made the latter bacterium show the characteristics of these two bacteria, and realized the DNA recombination between different organisms for the first time. (P3)
17. Inoculation: 1796 British doctor Edward? Inspired by the milkmaid, Jenna carried out a famous experiment to vaccinate boys with vaccinia vaccine. The experiment proved that the vaccinated people would not be infected with smallpox. (P 17)
18. Discovery of chloroplast DNA: 1962, scientists Li Si and Plante observed the ultrathin sections of chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas, corn and other plants with an electron microscope, and found that there were fine fibers with a length of about 20.5nm in the chloroplast matrix. After being treated with deoxyribonuclease, the fine fiber disappeared. This proves that this tiny fiber structure is chloroplast DNA. (P4 1)
19. Monoclonal antibody: 1975, Argentine scientist milstein and German scientist Kohler, on the basis of their predecessors, gave full play to their imagination and designed a very creative experimental scheme, that is, the myeloma cells of mice were fused with immune B lymphocytes, and the hybridoma cells obtained could not only proliferate in large quantities, but also produce a large number of specific antibodies. 1984, these two scientists won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. (page 72)
20. Discovery of the virus: 1892, Russian scientist Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovsky discovered that the pathogenic factors causing tobacco mosaic can pass through the bacterial filter. Soon, the Dutch biologist Bezelink found that this filter has many biological characteristics through a lot of research, and speculated that it can enter cells for reproduction. Later, people called this factor filterable virus for short. (page 76)