185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan called on the peasants to declare an uprising in Jintian and establish the title of "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom". /kloc-in the spring of 0/853, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing, renamed Nanjing Tianjing and made its capital, and formally established the peasant regime to fight against the Qing Dynasty. 1856, Taiping army destroyed Jiangnan camp and lifted the siege of Tianjing. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom reached its military heyday. 1In the summer of 864, Hong Xiuquan died of illness. Soon, Tianjing fell and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed.
1856, Britain proposed to amend the Sino-British treaty of nanking, which was rejected by the Qing government. Britain took this opportunity to provoke the Second Opium War. This time the British and French Coalition forces sent troops to invade China, and the United States and Russia were accomplices. Its essence, like the Opium War, is that the great powers want to further open the China market and gain economic benefits. Therefore, it is called the Second Opium War.
After China was defeated in the Second Opium War, the Qing court was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Russia (1June 3), the United States (1June 8), Britain (June 26) and France (June 27), and the Aihui Treaty with Russia.
1860, the British and French allied forces captured Tianjin again, burning and looting all the way, and Emperor Xianfeng fled to chengde mountain resort, leaving his younger brother Prince Gong Yi Kuang as the minister of peace talks and staying in Beijing. Subsequently, the British and French allied forces looted and burned the world-famous imperial garden Yuanmingyuan in the western suburbs of Beijing and occupied Beijing. And forced the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty.
65438+During the 1960s and 1990s, the Westernization Movement was led by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong. With the development of China's military, civil and education, the bourgeoisie in China emerged and developed. Established the first batch (successive batches) of modern enterprises. Establish three navies: Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian.
1883- 1885, the Sino-French War and the signing of the Sino-French New Testament marked the opening of southwest China. 1894, China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War. From 65438 to 0895, the signing of treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China society. The fiasco of Beiyang Navy in the Sino-Japanese War also declared the bankruptcy of Westernization Movement.
1900, imperialist countries launched Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China in order to suppress the boxer uprising and safeguard their interests in China. 190 1 year, the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" marked the formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
19 1 1 The bourgeois-democratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was the first anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois-democratic revolution in the history of China, which overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal autocratic monarchy that lasted for more than 2,000 years in China and established a bourgeois-democratic republic. It made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts and dealt a heavy blow to imperialist colonial rule. However, due to political weakness, the fruits of the victory of the 1911 Revolution were stolen by Yuan Shikai.
In order to resist the invasion of foreign powers and strive for national independence, the people of China have waged a heroic struggle and started the exploration of saving the nation from extinction. The Westernization Movement aimed at "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China. In order to save the nation from peril and develop capitalism, the bourgeois reformists carried out the reform movement. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the autocratic monarchy system in China for more than 2,000 years, and started the modern national democratic revolution in a complete sense. The New Culture Movement impacted the feudal ideological and moral culture and opened the floodgate of ideological emancipation. China is constantly undergoing economic, political, ideological and cultural changes in the environment of being bullied by foreign powers and forced to open up. China's modernization started with difficulty, and its social structure gradually transformed from traditional society to modern society.
19 19 At the beginning of this year, the so-called "Paris Peace Conference" was held in Paris, France. China was also one of the victors and sent representatives to attend the Paris Peace Conference. However, the reasonable request made by the representative of China at the meeting was rejected. When the news reached China, the crowd was furious. On May 4th, the May 4th student patriotic movement broke out. Students in Beijing shouted slogans such as "Give me back Qingdao", "Abolish Article 21" and "Fight for state power from outside and punish traitors from inside", which developed into a national mass patriotic movement with the working class as the main force in early June. The May 4th Movement was the beginning of China's new democracy. In this movement, the China proletariat began to enter the political arena. 192 1 On July 23rd,, Dong, Chen Tanqiu, He Shuheng,, Li Da held the first national congress in Shanghai (it was held on a cruise ship in Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang under the supervision of French agents), and China was born.
19 19 The May 4th patriotic movement broke out, marking the end of the old democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie and the beginning of the new democratic revolution led by the proletariat. 192 1 year, China was founded, and China's revolution took on a new look. 1924, the first national congress of the Chinese Kuomintang was held in Guangzhou, and the national revolution based on the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party rose. With China's active participation and efforts, the Great Revolution storm quickly swept across the country.
In order to overthrow the rule of imperialism and feudal warlords in China and win the victory of the national revolution, in the summer of 1926, the National Revolutionary Army pledged to the Northern Expedition in Guangzhou, and defeated the feudal warlords (mainly the direct warlords Wu, Sun and Feng warlord Zhang) who had brought disaster to the country and the people by force. According to the situation that the enemy was outnumbered and the warlords were separated, the Northern Expeditionary Army adopted the advice of Soviet advisers and determined the strategic policy of concentrating its forces and dividing them one by one.
The victory of the Northern Expedition and the upsurge of the workers' and peasants' movements have brought about great changes in the whole China society, all of which have made the people of China, who have suffered from disasters, proud. However, when the revolutionaries had not had time to enjoy the joy of victory, bad luck came. With the support of reactionary forces at home and abroad, Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai on April 1927 (that is, the "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup), killing and maiming * * elements and revolutionary masses. /kloc-in 0/8, Chiang Kai-shek established the "National Government" in Nanjing to oppose the Wuhan National Government of Chairman Wang Jingwei. The first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation broke down in an all-round way and the national revolution failed. During the period of 1927 ~ 1937, the Nanjing National Government led by Jiang Zhongzheng waged a unified war to unify the whole country, including the second Northern Expedition to subdue the remnants of Beiyang warlords, previous wars against various military groups within the Kuomintang, and previous wars to encircle the Red Army of Workers and Peasants and the Red Revolutionary Base led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). Because the latter is a revolutionary war of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the people in the Red Revolutionary Base against the Jiang Zhongzheng government, it is also called the Second Revolutionary Civil War or the Agrarian Revolutionary War.
On August 1927 and 1, the Nanchang Uprising broke out, and China * * * fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang, and began to lead an independent resistance. And established a revolutionary base in 1928.
The development of the Red Army and the revolutionary base areas caused great panic among the Kuomintang reactionaries. From June 1930 to March 1933, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized his troops and launched four large-scale "encirclement and suppression" campaigns against the central revolutionary base areas. Under the command of Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai, the soldiers and civilians in the base areas adopted correct operational policies and won the war against "encirclement and suppression".